PSY 223 1nd Edition Lecture 13 Outline of Last Lecture I Exam 2 Outline of Current Lecture II Stereotypes a Development b Influence on perceptions c Influence on interactions III Stigmatization IV How stereotypes endure Current Lecture 10 13 14 Stereotypes Prejudice and Discrimination All related and one leads to another There can be stereotypes prejudice and discrimination about almost any group Stereotypes a generalization about a group of people a belief that associated a group of people with certain traits cognitive level we tend to put people in categories and once you put people in a category you make judgments about that group which is a stereotype social categorization may not even realize it These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor s lecture GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes not as a substitute How we make stereotypes history Japanese are sneaky men are more powerful than women whites are racist 2 processes in the development of stereotypes individually Social categorization sorting people into groups based on common attributes In group versus out group attitude contributes to in group bias and out group homogeneity effect we all have an in group think about females vs males When female then that is your in group and out group is males in group bias you prefer your own group out group homogeneity effect see differences in our own group but think out group is all the same example Asians if not Asian may not see difference between Asians but you can see the distinctions if you are in the in group People with social dominance orientation are more likely to see one s own in groups as dominant and promote self interest so there is variation of this Influence of stereotypes on perceptions Perceivers are likely to see members of stereotyped groups as more similar to the stereotype than they actually are if see an aggressive man and you think men are aggressive then ignore when you saw him being compassionate Perceivers remember stereotype consistent information about others o Example read description of football players and some was consistent loud and drank and some inconsistent liked classical music then were asked what they remembered and remembered what was consistent Influence of stereotypes on interactions Interactions can become awkward operation of meta stereotypes think that someone has a stereotype against you and perceive you in a certain way they don t like me because I m gay and they may not which makes interactions awkward Stigmatization Definition being persistently stereotype perceived as deviant and devalued in society because membership in a particular social group of because of a particular characteristic pg 166 in text Anyone can be a target of stigmatization but some individuals are major and relentless targets of these negative stereotypes and prejudice which can result in feeling devalued by society 3 major types Tribal stigma Abominations of the body Blemishes of character Some are visible while others aren t visible mental disorder downs syndrome or concealable like being a felon Why do stereotypes endure be maintained Several mechanisms involved 1 Illusory correlations distinctiveness of a minority group member gets connected with a distinctive behavior a Tendency to see relationships or correlations between events or traits that are actually unrelated or have only small associations ex Couple getting pregnant after adoption 2 Attributions when person engages in behavior and you ask why they did that a When an out group member behaves i As we expected we make disposition internal attributions ii Inconsistent with our expectations we may search for situations causes 3 Subtyping a When people encounter expectations to their stereotypes they may create a new subtype for this exception athletic grandma is the exception but old people are fragile 4 Confirmation biases a People interpret and seek information about a person in a stereotyped group that confirms their stereotype b This can lead to self fulfilling prophecy Media The media in various forms contributes to maintenance of stereotypes 2 step process in the activation of stereotypes 1 Automatic processing almost automatically stereotypes are triggered by the presence of a stimulus 2 Controlled processing with awareness and control you can choose to ignore the stereotype