PSY 101 1st Edition Lecture 20 Outline of Last Lecture I. PersonalityOutline of Current Lecture II. Finish PersonalityIII. Defining disorderIV. SchizophreniaCurrent Lecture-trait theories-trait: a relatively stable predisposition to behave in a certain way-goal of trait theories is to specify a set of distinct personality dimensions for use in summarizing fundamental psychological differences-think back to models of intelligence-some models focused on the process that might be responsible for intelligence (ie speed of neurons)-a process model: Eysenck’s theory: Hans and Sybil Eysenck use two primary personality factors as axes for describing personality variation-extraverts have less arousal in the brain-there is an optimal level of arousal-extraverts do things that increase arousal (ie parties, skydiving, and smoking)-introverts do things that decrease arousal (ie spend time alone, read, quiet music)-other models were used to distinguish different types of children (ie gifted students or students who needed help)-other models were descriptive (ie models that simply asked whether intelligenceas one thing (g) or many specific things (s))-the MMPI-the most widely researched and clinically used of all personality tests-originally developed to identify emotional disorders (still considered its most appropriate use)-not used for many screening purposes-empirically derived test: a test developed by testing a pool of items and then selecting those that discriminate between groups-ex. “I enjoyed reading Alice in Wonderland” true or false-the big 5: a descriptive model-emotional stability/neuroticism: calm vs anxious, secure vs insecure, self-satisfied vs selfpitying-extraversion: sociable vs retiring, fun-loving vs sober, affectionate vs reserved-openness: imaginative vs practical, preference for variety vs preference for routine, independent vs conforming-agreeableness: soft hearted vs ruthless, rusting vs suspicious, helpful vs uncooperative-conscientiousness: organized vs disorganized, careful vs careless, disciplined vs impulsive-psychopathology: “problematic patterns of thought, feeling, or behavior that disrupt an individual’s sense of well-being or social or occupational functioning”-Freud: the mental health is the ability to love and to work-contentious field: nativism vs empiricism (vs myth)-a harmful dysfunction in which behavior is judged to be…-atypical – not enough in itself-disturbing – varies with time and culture-maladaptive – harmful-unjustifiable – sometimes there is a good reason-rates of psychological disorders-alcohol abuse: 13.8%-generalized anxiety: 3.1%-phobias: 14.3%-OCD: 2.6%-mood disorders: 9.5%-schizophrenia: 1.1%-antisocial: 2.6%-schizophrenia-comes from greek meaning split and mind-split: loss of touch with reality; not split personality-occurs in both genders, males have earlier onset-18-25 for men-26-45 for women-symptoms of schizophrenia-cognition:-hallucinations (especially auditory)-delusional beliefs (especially paranoid or grandiose)-loose associations (speech and thought)-emotion:-oversensitivity, or apathy (no emotions)-grossly inappropriate-social interaction:-withdrawal and isolation-grossly inappropriate behavior-subtypes of schizophrenia-paranoid-disorganized-catatonic-undifferentiated-residual-Causes of schizophrenia-proximal (near) causes-demons? (no)-one theory: caused by excess dopamine-drugs that reduce dopamine reduce symptoms-drugs that increase dopamine (amphetamines) produce symptoms even in people without the disorder-dopamine theory not enough – other neurotransmitters involved as well-ventricular enlargement (neural atrophy)-distal causes (far, earlier on in the casual chain):-genes-if a person is schizophrenic, then:-identical twin: 48%-fraternal twin: 17%-regular sib:
View Full Document
Unlocking...