PSY 101 1st Edition Lecture 18Outline of Last Lecture I. EmotionsOutline of Current Lecture II. PersonalityCurrent Lecture-personality: an individual’s characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting-basic (historical) perspectives: -psychoanalytic-humanistic-modern perspectives: -the Trait Approach-approaches to the self-Freud-the case of little Hans: 5 year old Hans was afraid to leave his house because of an irrational fear that a horse would bite him. Hans developed the fear after having seen a horse fall down in the street. This fear was caused by…Freud believed that the real targetof Hans’s anxiety was his erotic feelings towards his mother and his aggressive wishes towards his father; evidence: wanted to “be married to” his mother, he experienced castration anxiety, he was jealous of his father he was afraid of horses that had physical characteristics like his father. -Freud’s 3 big models…-of the mind: -topographical: iceberg model: conscious – in awareness now, rational and goal directed; preconscious – can be brought into awareness; unconscious – inaccessible to consciousness, irrational and associative, especially unacceptable sexual and aggressive urges-drive: our basic drives of libido (sensual/sexual pleasure) and aggression are repressed, but they make stuff pop up elsewhere-structural: id – fueled by raw libido, wants what it wants, obeys the pleasure principle; ego – in service of the id, obeys the reality principle; Superego (conscience) – internalized rules of society and parents-of development-intrapsychic conflict: were all trying to make it through life, torn betweendesire and conscience (remember theme #3: the divided self)-defense mechanisms: unconscious mental processes that protect against anxiety; occasional use is normal, but neurotics have excessive anxiety and use defense mechanisms too often-denial: protects the person from real events that are painful to accept, either by rejecting a fact or its seriousness-repression: the basic defense mechanism that banishes anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories from consciousness-regression: defense mechanism in which an individual faced with anxiety retreats to a more infantile psychosexual stage, where some psychic energy remains fixated-reaction formation: the ego unconsciously switches unacceptableimpulses into their opposites; people may express feelings that are the opposite of their anxiety-arousing unconscious feelings; ex. person who speaks out against homosexuality is caught with a person of their own sex-projection: people disguise their own threatening impulses by attributing them to other people; ex. liars call other people liars-displacement: shifts sexual or aggressive impulses toward a less threatening object or person; ex. angry at boss, come home and kick dog-rationalization: offers self-justifying explanations in place of the real, more threatening, unconscious reasons for one’s actions; ex. making excuses for drinking, say you’re just trying to be social-sublimation: shifts sexual or aggressive impulses to activities that are valued by society; ex. someone who likes to cut people becomes surgeon instead of murderer-of
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