Chapter 6People perceive an adult-child pair as looking more alike when told they are parent and child. This best illustrates the impact ofperceptual set.The opponent-process theory is most useful for explaining a characteristic ofafterimages.The Moon illusion refers to our tendency to perceive the Moon as unusuallylarge when it is near the horizon.Receptor cells for the vestibular sense send messages to thecerebellum.The way in which you quickly group the individual letters in this test item into separate words best illustrates the principle ofproximity.Psychics are unable to make millions of dollars betting on horse races. This undermines their claims to possess the power ofprecognition.If you move your watchband up your wrist an inch or so, you will feel it for only a few moments. This best illustratessensory adaptation.Immanuel Kant and John Locke would have been most likely to disagree about the extent to which perception is influenced bycultural experience.If a visual image is first presented subliminally, the chance of a person later recognizing the same briefly presented image is improved. This best illustratesthat information can be processed outside of conscious awareness.Multiple ________ send combined messages to a bipolar cell, whereas a single ________ may link directly to a single bipolar cell.rods; coneATM machines are more complex than VCRs ever were but are easier to operate thanks tothe efforts ofhuman factors psychologists.Damage to the basilar membrane is most likely to affect one'saudition.Some stroke victims lose the capacity to perceive motion but retain the capacity to perceive shapes and colors. Others lose the capacity to perceive colors but retain the capacity to perceive movement and form. These peculiar visual disabilities best illustrate our normal capacity forparallel processing.The rubber-hand illusion best illustratessensory interaction.The fact that we recognize objects as having a consistent form regardless of changing viewing angles illustratesperceptual constancy.A door casts an increasingly trapezoidal image on our retinas as it opens, yet we still perceive it as rectangular. This illustratesshape constancy.After hearing that Bryce had served a prison sentence, Janet began to perceive his friendly behavior as insincere and manipulative. This best illustrates the impact ofperceptual set.Racial and ethnic stereotypes can sometimes bias our perceptions of others' behaviors. This best illustrates the impact ofTop-down processingGrass seen through sunglasses appears equally as green as it does without glasses. This best illustratescolor constancy.Railroad tracks appear to converge in the distance. This provides a cue for depth perception known aslinear perspective.Nociceptors initiate the sensation ofpain.After some practice, Carol was able to read books while holding them upside down. This best illustratesperceptual adaptation.The central focal point in the retina where cones are heavily concentrated is known as the6fovea.Interpreting new sensory information within the framework of a past memory illustratestop-down processing.Rules for organizing stimuli into coherent groups were first identified byGestalt psychologists.The phenomenon of blindsight best illustrates that visual information can be processed withoutconscious awareness.The distance between our right and left eyes functions to provide us with a cue for depth perception known asretinal disparity.The sensory experience of bending one's knees or raising one's arms exemplifiesKinesthesisThe size of the difference threshold is greater for heavier objects than for lighter ones. This best illustratesWeber's law.Current understanding of pitch perception indicates thatsome combination of place and frequency theories seems to handle the pitches in the intermediate range.Chapter 7Conditioning seldom occurs when a ________ comes after a(n) _____.CS; USLong after her conditioned fear of dogs had been extinguished, Marcy experienced an unexpected surge of nervousness when first shown her cousin's new cocker spaniel. Her unexpected nervousness best illustratesspontaneous recovery.If one chimpanzee watches a second chimp solve a puzzle for a food reward, the first chimp may thereby learn how to solve the puzzle. This best illustratesobservational learning.Punishment ________ the rate of operant responding, and negative reinforcement ________ the rate of operant responding.decreases; increasesThe predictability of an association between a CS and a US facilitates an organism's ability to anticipate the occurrence of the US. This fact is most likely to be highlighted by a ________ perspective.cognitiveBecause she has oversight responsibility for the servicing and repair of her company's fleet of cars, Rhonda frequently calls the garage mechanic to inquire whether service on various cars has been completed. Because service completion times are unpredictable, she is likely to be reinforced with positive responses to her inquiries on a ________ schedule.variable-intervalPavlov noticed that dogs began salivating at the mere sight of the person who regularly brought food to them. For the dogs, the sight of this person was a(n)conditioned stimulus.Airline frequent flyer programs that reward customers with a free flight after every 50,000miles of travel illustrate the use of a ________ schedule of reinforcement.fixed-ratioThe law of effect was most clearly highlighted bySkinner's experiments on reinforcement.In teaching her son to play basketball, Mrs. Richards initially reinforces him with praise forsimply dribbling while standing still, then only for walking while dribbling, and finally only for running while dribbling. She is using a procedure known asshapingThrough direct experience with animals, we come to anticipate that dogs will bark and that birds will chirp. This best illustratesAssociative learningIf the onset of a light reliably signals the onset of food, a rat in a Skinner box will work to turn on the light. In this case, the light is a ________ reinforcer.6conditionedBlinking in response to a puff of air directed to your eye is aUR.John B. Watson believed that psychology should be the science ofobservable behavior.A year after surviving a classroom shooting incident, Angie still responds with terror at the sight of toy guns and to the sound of balloons popping. This reaction best illustratesgeneralization.To reduce the personally harmful behavior of some self-destructive children, therapists