PSY 101 1st Edition Lecture 10 Outline of Last Lecture I. Importance of perceptionII. Process of perceptionOutline of Current Lecture I. LearningII. Classical conditioningCurrent Lecture-the determinist theory: no free will, our upbringing and genes determine our behavior-behaviorism’s optimistic determinism: the present is determined by the past, but that means that the future is determined by what we do now. Determinism is not fatalism-John B Watson: could take any child and make him any sort of specialist (i.e. doctor, thief..etc)-Watson and behaviorists say forget what is going on inside our head, all we can do is observe behavior-wanted to study behavior-believe that everything that we do is a result of learning-concepts of learning and association-learning: relatively permanent change in an organism’s behavior due to experience; experience (nurture) is the key to learning-association: our minds naturally connect events that occur in sequence-associative learning: learning that two events occur together; two stimuli; a response and its consequences-Two major types of learning-for each: know who came up with it, what it is, how to demonstrate it, and problems with it. Also the difference between the two-Two types are classical and operant conditioning-operant conditioning aka instrumental-classical (Pavlonian) conditioning: -many reflexes are built-in, ex. Startle-reflexes must get optimized: hooked up to useful triggers, unhooked from useless ones-sympathetic system responsible for startle reflex response-Ivan Pavlov: discovered how, while studying salivation in dogs (condition reflex)-unconditioned response: happens automatically, before stimulus-neutral stimulus: no response-conditioned stimulus: gets response-hints for exam: remember details of classical conditioning, learn vocab (UCS, UCR, CS, CR), come up with your own classical conditioning study-Major phenomena-conditioned drive states: hunger, sexual arousal-conditioned emotional responses: phobias-stimulus generalization: CR gets triggered by things that resemble the CS,ex: littleAlbert-extinction: exploited by systematic desensitization therapy, ex if you keep ringing the bell for the dogs but not bringing the food, the dog learns and the salivation lessens thenstops-second order conditioning: a CS can function as a UCS, ex profs dogs (lightning/flash)-paradoxical conditioning: opponent processes get conditioned, then cause CR opposite of UCR, ex heroin overdose is more likely in a new environment, decaf makes some people tired-operant conditioning: animal learns the relationships between responses and consequences, aka instrumental or Skinnerian conditioning-Thorndike’s law of effect: the tendency to perform a given response is strengthened or weakened by the effect that the response brings about; the learning is the “wearing smooth of a path in the brain, not the decisions of a rational consciousness”; reward increases the likelihood, punishment decreases the likelihood (kind of similar to evolution, what works good gets passed on)-ex cat in the box, has to get out to get to food. Finds out by accident how to get out, and then starts to learn
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