PSY 101 1st EditionExam 4 Study Guide: Lectures 18-24Lecture 18-personality: an individual’s characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting-basic (historical) perspectives: -psychoanalytic-humanistic-modern perspectives: -the Trait Approach-approaches to the self-Freud-the case of little Hans: 5 year old Hans was afraid to leave his house because of an irrational fear that a horse would bite him. Hans developed the fear after having seen a horse fall down in the street. This fear was caused by…Freud believed that the real targetof Hans’s anxiety was his erotic feelings towards his mother and his aggressive wishes towards his father; evidence: wanted to “be married to” his mother, he experienced castration anxiety, he was jealous of his father he was afraid of horses that had physical characteristics like his father. -Freud’s 3 big models…-of the mind: -topographical: iceberg model: conscious – in awareness now, rational and goal directed; preconscious – can be brought into awareness; unconscious – inaccessible to consciousness, irrational and associative, especially unacceptable sexual and aggressive urges-drive: our basic drives of libido (sensual/sexual pleasure) and aggression are repressed, but they make stuff pop up elsewhere-structural: id – fueled by raw libido, wants what it wants, obeys the pleasure principle; ego – in service of the id, obeys the reality principle; superego (conscience) – internalized rules of society and parents-of development-intrapsychic conflict: were all trying to make it through life, torn betweendesire and conscience (remember theme #3: the divided self)-defense mechanisms: unconscious mental processes that protect against anxiety; occasional use is normal, but neurotics have excessive anxiety and use defense mechanisms too often-denial: protects the person from real events that are painful to accept, either by rejecting a fact or its seriousness-repression: the basic defense mechanism that banishes anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories from consciousness-regression: defense mechanism in which an individual faced with anxiety retreats to a more infantile psychosexual stage, where some psychic energy remains fixated-reaction formation: the ego unconsciously switches unacceptableimpulses into their opposites; people may express feelings that are the opposite of their anxiety-arousing unconscious feelings; ex. person who speaks out against homosexuality is caught with a person of their own sex-projection: people disguise their own threatening impulses by attributing them to other people; ex. liars call other people liars-displacement: shifts sexual or aggressive impulses toward a less threatening object or person; ex. angry at boss, come home and kick dog-rationalization: offers self-justifying explanations in place of the real, more threatening, unconscious reasons for one’s actions; ex. making excuses for drinking, say you’re just trying to be social-sublimation: shifts sexual or aggressive impulses to activities that are valued by society; ex. someone who likes to cut people becomes surgeon instead of murderer-of therapyLecture 19-models of mind (review)-topographical-conscious-preconscious-unconscious-drive-libido-aggression-structural-id-ego-superego-conflicts among id, ego, superego-leads to anxiets-defense mechanisms-Freud’s evidence (books he wrote)-the interpretation of dreams: all dreams are attempts at wish fulfillment-the psychopathology of everyday life: all errors are meaningful; slips of the tongue, memory errors, and inter-personal confusions are motivated by unconscious desires-jokes and their relation to the unconscious: humor is a release of sexual and aggressive urges-Freud’s therapeutic-the goal of psychoanalysis is: “to strengthen the ego, to make it more independent of the super-ego, to widen its field of perception and enlarge its organization, so that it can appropriate fresh portions of the id.”; to reduce neuroses (anxiety disorders resulting from intrapsychic conflict); the ideal of mental health (the ability to love and to work)-psychosexual stages: the childhood stages of development during which the id’s pleasure-seeking energies focus on distinct erogenous zones-fixation: a lingering focus of pleasure-seeking energies at an earlier psychosexual stage, where conflicts were unresolved; don’t successfully move on-critical evaluation of Freud-models of the mind: -unconscious is not so Hobbesian (we are selfish, evil people unless we have society to reign us in)-not every error/slip/dream is meaningful-prof’s opinion: general view is still very useful-models of development-casual claims are unsupported-too much attention to early childhood, genes, pre-natal environment and later childhood are also important-theory has done a lot of harm-prof’s opinion: chuck the whole theory-therapeutic model-too much attention to early childhood-inappropriately applied to many cases-basic idea that talk and insight can be helpful is right-prof’s opinion: credit Freud with popularizing psychotherapy, but chuck his theory about how it works-what happened after Freud?-too much sex-Alfred Adler: focused on childhood social tension-Karen Horney: sought to balance Freud’s masculine biases-too much aggression-Freud was not right according to the humanists -humanistic perspective-Abraham Maslow: studied self-actualization processes of productive and healthy people(ex. Lincoln)-Maslow’s needs: people are basically good; if everything goes well, we reach self-actualization-physiological needs  safety needs  belongingness and love needs  esteem needs (respected by others)  self-actualization needs-self-actualization: the ultimate psychological that arises after basic physical and psychological needs are met and self-esteem is achieved-Carl Rogers: focused on growth and fulfillment of individuals (genuineness, acceptance, empathy)-person-centered approach:-self concept is central to personality-conditional positive regard: love and praise is withheld unless one conforms to others’ expectations (ex. parents will only love you if you become a doctor/lawyer)-unconditional positive regard: accepting a person regardless of who they are or what they do-differences among approaches-Freud/humanists: -focus on development and the conflicts that arise-personality differences result from ability to resolve conflict and move through stages-social cognitive:-focus on