PSY 101 1st Edition Lecture 15 Outline of Last Lecture I. MemoryII. ThinkingOutline of Current Lecture II. Thinking continuedIII. LanguageCurrent Lecture-representativeness heuristic: rule of thumb for judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they seem to represent/match particular prototypes; may lead one to ignore other relevantinfo-base rate fallacy: we often ignore it based on what we think we already know; example with stereotype of engineering majors compared to percentage of graduate engineering students-availability heuristic: estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory; if instances come readily to mind (perhaps because of their vividness) we presume such events are common; example: we feel that airplanes are more dangerous than cars because we see on the news airplane crashes because they are more rare, but we don’t see car accidents because they are so common-people are risk averse for gain-phoneme: in a spoken language, the smallest distinctive sound unit-morpheme: in a language, the smallest unit that carries meaning; may be a word or a part of a word (such as a prefix)-grammar: a system of rules in a language that enables us to communicate with and understand others-babbling stage: beginning at 3 to 4 months; the stage of speech development in which the infant spontaneously utters various sounds at first unrelated to the household language-One word stage: from about 1 to 2 years; the stage in speech development during which a childspeaks mostly in single words-Two word stage: beginning at age 2; the stage in speech development during which a child speaks mostly two word statements-telegraphic speech: early speech stage in which the child speaks like a telegram (ex go car) using mostly nouns and verbs and omitting auxiliary words-linguistic competence: the ability to produce and understand utterances we have never heard before-ex. “Karl Marx was playing bridge with Abraham Lincoln, Winston Churchill, and Mary Queen of Scots when Tarzan walked in.”-behaviorism: everything we do we learn through connections and rewards/punishments-Chomsky: inborn universal grammar-children raised together will develop their own language-cognitive neuroscientists: statistical learning?-how do we know what is a
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