POLS 2401 Edition 1 Lecture 21Outline of Previous LectureInternational Criminal CourtI.Background II. Basic Facts: The ICCA. independent international organizationB. four main organsIII. Crimes Addressed by the ICCA. GenocideB. War crimesC. Crimes against humanity Outline of Current LectureHuman Trafficking I.Definition of TraffickingA. Simple DefinitionB. UN DefinitionII. Types of Exploitation/ TraffickingA. Sexual exploitation B. Forced Labor C. SlaveryIII. Extent of the ProblemIV. Other Causes of TraffickingV. Global Cooperation to Address TraffickingVI. Enacting and Enforcing the Palermo ProtocolVII. Policies on Trafficking•Human Trafficking Lecture•Human Trafficking•Various forms of human slavery and forced labor have occurred for centuries•Recent trafficking is part of a global political economy of criminal rings taking advantage of and/or exploiting global demand and supply for labor•Definition of Trafficking•Simple definition: the recruitment or movement of persons for forced labor or slavery-like practices•UN definition: the recruitment, transportation, transfer, harboring or receipt of persons, by means ofthe threat or use of force, of abduction, of fraud, of deception, or the abuse of power, or the giving/receiving of payments/benefits to achieve the consent of a person having control over another person, for the purpose of exploitation•Definition includes: an act, a means and the purpose of exploitation•Types of Exploitation/Trafficking•Sexual exploitation (most common) (58%)•Forced labor(36%)•Slavery•Other practices similar to slavery and servitude (forced marriage, domestic servitude, child begging, child soldiers, organ removal)Gender breakdown (UNODC 2012 report): 75% of victims are women or girls (59% women, 17% girls), 25% are men (17% men, 8% boys)Trafficking almost always involves criminal elements•Extent of the Problem•Hard to accurately measure, but the UN Office on Drugs and Crime estimates it affects 2.4 million people–Most victims are in Asia, followed by industrialized countries, and between other parts of the world•Multi-billion dollar global business, involving not only prostitution and sexual exploitation, but workers in agriculture, construction, domestic work, and some mainstream economic sectors (healthcare, food processing, contract cleaning)•In the US, major hubs for trafficking include New York, LA, Atlanta, Texas and Florida, but there are trafficking networks all over the country (mainly trafficking victims from the US, Latin America and Asia)•Trafficking: huge profits and economic exploitation•Trafficking is a multi-billion dollar business, one of the big profit sources for organized crime•According to one study, on average a sex slave can be bought for $1900 and will provide $29,200 or more a year in profits•Overall, forced labor can generate 300-500% or more in annual return on investment•Other Causes of Trafficking•Push or Supply Factors (in origin countries)–Uneven wealth among countries push people in poor countries to want to go to richer ones, especially those struggling to survive–Extreme poverty and, in the case of women, discrimination•Pull or Demand Factors (in destination countries)–Labor demand and sex market in richer countries and alleged unwillingness of local population to do dirty, dangerous and dull work (construction, agriculture, maid work, etc.)–Strict immigration rules creates incentives for illegal ways of meeting demand•Global Cooperation to Address Trafficking•Palermo Protocol (UN Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, especially Women and Children)–Signed in 2000, went into effect in 2003–159 countries are party to the protocol, including the U.S.–Goal is to both prevent/stop trafficking as well as help victims of trafficking•Parties to the Protocol agree to:–Adopt national legislation to criminalize trafficking–Assist victims of trafficking–Take steps to prevent trafficking–Cooperate with other countries on the transnational aspects of trafficking•Enacting and Enforcing the Palermo Protocol•UNOCD 2012 Report shows both improvements and need for much more work:–By 2012, 82% of 162 countries surveyed passed laws criminalizing the major forms of trafficking and another 11% passed laws criminalizing some forms of trafficking (90% of 162 countries havesome kind of law)•Note: before 2003, only 35% of countries had any legislation on trafficking–Between 5,500-7000 convictions a year (2007-2010, 132 countries)–The number of both prosecutions and convictions remains relatively small in most parts of the world–Still not enough data, but more countries report now than previously•US Policies on Trafficking•Victims of Trafficking and Violence Prevention Act of 2000 (and reauthorizations in 2005, 2008 and 2013)–Increased penalties for trafficking–Increased protection for victims of trafficking–Required reporting on trafficking (both domestic and international) by various federal agencies–Places conditions on foreign aid if developing countries are not meeting minimum standards to stop