POLS 2401 Edition 1 Lecture 18Outline of Previous LectureGlobal PandemicsI.Global Spread of DiseasesA. Black DeathII. Recent Infectious Diseases that have Spread Globally A.HIV/AIDsB. TuberculosisC.SARSD.Avion Flu & Swine FluIII.Previous modern Influenza PandemicsA.Spanish FluB. Asian FluC. Hong Kong FluIV.Avion Flu and its InfluencesV. International ResponsesA. World Health OrganizationVI. National Responses Outline of Current LectureWater ScarcityI. Water: An Essential ResourceA. need for survivalII. Water SourcesA. Fresh Water SourcesB. Desalination of Sea WaterIII. Water Use and Consumption PatternsA. General Global ConsumptionB. Sectoral UsageIV. Uneven DistributionV. Predictions and Potential Problems•Global Resource Shortages: Water•POLS 2401•Global Issues•Water: An Essential Resource•Humans need water to survive–People need 20-50 liters of safe water per day for their basic needs (drinking, cooking,cleaning) (UN)•Water and health–2.5 billion people live without basic sanitation–Contaminated water is a major source of disease in developing countries–By some estimates, 80% of diseases in the developing world are associated with water in some way•E.g. 2 million die of diarrhoeal disease: attributable to unsafe water, sanitation and hygiene•Water Sources•Freshwater sources: rivers, lakes, groundwater (aquifers), atmosphere–2.5% of global water supply is freshwater–Of this, 2/3 is frozen in glaciers, 1/4-1/3 is groundwater, 1% is surface water•Desalination of sea water–More countries using this as another water source, although it is energy intensive and often morecostly (usually seen as a last resort)–Australia, Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates, Israel, Singapore, China, India, United States, Aruba•Water Use and Consumption Patterns•General Global Consumption–humans are using 54% of all the accessible freshwater contained in rivers, lakes and undergroundaquifers (UN WWAP)–Water use has been growing at more than twice the rate of population increase in the last century.(FAO)•Sectoral Usage–Agriculture and irrigation: 70%–Industry: 20%–Domestic (home) use: 10%•The Uneven Global Distribution of Water•There may be enough water in the world, but it is not evenly divided•700 million people in 43 countries are under “water stress, most of them in developing countries•Sub-Saharan Africa has the largest number of water-stressed countries of any region•By 2025, 1.8 billion people will be living in countries or regions with water scarcity and 2/3 of theworld’s population could be living under water stressed conditions•Uneven distribution, cont.–780 million don’t have access to enough safe freshwater for their basic needs (WHO-UNICEF)–Rural-Urban Divide: Most people lacking access to safe water and sanitation live in rural areas.•while 80% of the global urban population had access to water piped onto the premises, only 30%of the global rural population had the same access.•Uneven distribution, cont.•Countries using the most groundwater: India, China, US, Pakistan, Iran, Bangladesh, Mexico, SaudiArabia, Indonesia, Italy•Countries using the least amount of water: most African countries•Per capita use of water: highest in North America and Asia, lowest in Africa•Water Scarcity? Predictions and Potential Problems•Population growth and increased demand–In 60% of European cities with more than 100,000 people, groundwater is being used at a fasterrate than it can be replenished. (UN)–By 2025, 1.8 billion people will be living in countries or regions with absolute water scarcity.•Pollution and water contamination•Interstate conflict over water–148 nations have territory with a transboundary basin–Problems both among states (Mekong River) and within states