Lecture 2Outline of the Previous Lecture Context of International PoliticsI. Historical Background: Evolution of the Modern SystemA. Treaty of Westphalia, European Empire, the World Wars, Cold WarB. Balance of Power and the International System POLS 2401 Edition 1II. The International System and Machinery of International PoliticsA. The UN Systemi. Background, UN Charter, UN Main Bodies, the “UN System”III.Basic ConceptsA.The concept of SovereigntyB.Unilateralism versus MultilateralismOutline of Current LectureNon-state Actors and World PoliticsI.IntroductionA. What are “non- state actors”?II. Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs)A. What are NGOsB. Rise of NGOs in the postwar periodC. The Growing influence of NGOs in World Politics*Advocacy NGOs issue creation and agenda setting, policy change at the international level, monitor and watchdog*Service NGOs: development, democracy, humanitarian crisesIII. Other Non-state ActorsA. Multinational Corporations (MNCs)B. Organized crime terrorismC. Church and religious organizationsIntroduction- Who are “non-state actors”?-Social actors: Non-governmental organizations (NGOs)-Economic actors: international finance, multinational corporations-Underworld actors: Organized crime, terrorist networks-Religious actors: the church, various religious cults and organizationsNon-Governmental Organizations (NGOs)- What are NGOs?They promote social change and international development. They are non-profit and have no investors or stocks-Types of NGOs:*Political advocacy type NGOs: Greenpeace, Amnesty International*Service, Welfare-oriented NGOs: CARE, Save the Children, The Nature Conservancy*Mixed advocacy and service NGOs: Oxfam, World Wildlife Fund (WWF)General Definition of NGO:*”private, voluntary, non-profit groups whose primary aim is to influence publicly some form of social change” (Khagram, Riker and Sikkink)The Rise of NGOs in the Postwar Period- Increase in number of international NGOs (INGOs)-1909: 176 INGOs-1951: 832 INGOs-1964: 1,718 INGOs-1978: 8,347 INGOs-1985: 13,768 INGOs-1997: 15,965 INGOs-2003: 20,851 INGOs-2006: 26,000 INGOsGrowing Influence of NGOs in World Politics- Issue creation and agenda setting: making an issue important in global politics(e.g campaign to ban landmines)- Policy change at the national and international level: mobilizing public opinion, lobbying for change, assist in creating new international agreements and regimes (e.g. environmental agreements, human rights laws, the establishment of the International Criminal Court)- Monitor and watchdog role: making sure countries live up to their commitments and promisesGrowing Influence of Service NGOs- Service NGOs now a major recipient of foreign aid and other funding ($6-7 billion annually)-Large amount of funding going to NGOs since the late 1980s-Rise of the super-NGO:*CARE revenue for 2012 was $561 million, with $266 million coming from government contributions and other official sources (UN, etc.)*The Nature Conservancy’s 2011 income/support was $1.17 billion (mostly private contributions and revenue: 84%)*Save the Children’s 2011 income/support was $620.55 million, 62% private sources, 38% public sources- Humanitarian crises-Another multi-million dollar industry that relies on NGOs for services Other Non-State Actors- Multinational Corporations (MNCs)- Organized Crime, Terrorist Networks- Religious