POLS 2401 Edition 1 Lecture 13Outline of Previous LectureEconomic Development, Poverty and Foreign AidI. The Global “Problem”: Uneven Levels of Economic Development and ProsperityA. Rich Industrialized CountiesB. Developing Third WorldII. Emergence of foreign AidA. Marshall PlanB. Cold War AlliesC. Global Security III. Mixed Goals of AidOutline of Current LectureUrbanizationI.Urbanization over TimeA. Starts in the West/ JapanB. Growth of citiesC. rich cities are the most urbanII. Moving to the Developing WorldA. Industrialization and UrbanizationIII. Global Cities and MegacitiesIV. Challenges of UrbanizationV. Positive Aspects of Big Cities•Urbanization•Historically, most human have lived in rural settings•This is changing:–1940: 1 in 8 people lived in an urban area, 1 in 100 lived in a city with a population over 1 million–Now: more than half the world (1 in 2 people) live in an urban area–By 2050: the urban population is expected to increase to 6.3 billion (68% of global total) and the rural population will be 2.9 billion (32%)•Urbanization Over Time: Starts in the West/Japan•Growth of cities as a global pattern starts with the industrial revolution in the 19th century andrapid development in the 20th century, mainly in the West and Japan•Rich countries are the most urban•Today, 80% of the population in industrialized countries live in urban areas and in 2020 84% (547 million people) will live in urban areas•Urbanization over time: moving to the developing world now•Industrialization and urbanization now taking place globally. Still lower levels than the West/Japan but rapidly growing.–Africa: urban population will increase from 40% of the total population to 48% by 2030 (744 million people in urban areas)–Asia and the Middle East: will increase from 45% to 56% by 2030 (2.7 billion)–Latin America and the Caribbean: will increase from 79% to 83% (585 million)•Global Cities and Megacities•Megacities: cities and metropolitan areas with a population of more than 10 million•Top 10 Megacities:–Tokyo (34.8 million)–Guangzhou (31.7 million)–Shanghai (28.9 million)–Jakarta (26.4 million)–Seoul (25.8 million)–Delhi (24 million)–Mexico City (23.8 million)–Karachi (22.7 million)–Manila (22.2 million)–New York (21.6 million)–Source: Thomas Brinkhoff: The Principal Agglomerations of the World, http://www.citypopulation.de•Other megacities: Sao Paulo, Mumbai, Beijing, Los Angeles, Osaka, Moscow, Dhaka, Cairo, Calcutta, Buenos Aires, Bangkok, Istanbul, Lagos, Tehran, Rio de Janeiro, Shenzhen, Paris•Challenges of Urbanization•The growth of cities and industrialization processes are often initially unregulated and/or unplanned, leading to many human and environmental problems•Example of 19th century industrializing England and the growth of cities like London: poor housing/slums, sewage and water problems, disease, pollution, child labor, and poverty•Similar problems in industrializing and developing countries in 1950s-now•Positive Aspects of Big Cities•Economic opportunities and greater levels of wealth–Greater income in cities, although it is not distributed evenly•Health benefits–Greater access to health care, although necessarily not for everyone•Greater cultural diversity•Some environmental advantages (despite other environmental