POLS 2401 Edition 1Outline of Previous LectureNon-state Actors and World PoliticsI.IntroductionA. What are “non- state actors”?II. Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs)A. What are NGOsB. Rise of NGOs in the postwar periodC. The Growing influence of NGOs in World Politics*Advocacy NGOs issue creation and agenda setting, policy change at the international level, monitor and watchdog*Service NGOs: development, democracy, humanitarian crisesIII. Other Non-state ActorsA. Multinational Corporations (MNCs)B. Organized crime terrorismC. Church and religious organizationsOutline of Current LectureThe United Nations and Its CriticsI. UN Operations and WorkUN Peacekeeping Operations (PKO), Peacebuilding after Conflicts, Humanitarian and Development WorkII. Areas of CriticismThe Security Council UN PerformanceIII. Reform attempts, mixed results and problemsSteps towards reformOther issues/problems: financial crisis at the UNUN Operations and Work ● UN Peacekeeping Operations (PKO)● UN Peacebuilding after Conflicts● UN Humanitarian Work● UN and Development UN Peacekeeping Forces ● Since 1948: 68 UN peacekeeping operations● Currently: 15 operations (Western Sahara, Mali, Haiti, Democratic Republic of the Congo,Darfur, Syria, Cyprus, Lebanon, Sudan, South Sudan, Côte d’Ivoire, Kosovo, Liberia, India/Pakistan, Middle East unit)● Personnel of 116,755 (97,904 uniformed, 18,851 civilian and volunteers), mostly from the developing world (Aug. 2013)● Budget: $7.78 billion (2013-14)● UN Peace Keeping and Peace Building Tasks● Help maintain peace and security● Protect civilians● Promote transition to democracy and political processes● Assist in disarmament, demobilization and reintegration of former combatants● Support elections (holding, monitoring, etc.)● Promote human rights and restoring rule of law● Humanitarian and Development Work● Mobilizes around $7 billion a year for helping people in emergency situations● Assist over 34 million refugees fleeing war, famine and persecution● Provided food to 90 million in 73 countries (2011)● Vaccinate 40% of the world’s children● Investigate countries with alleged human rights violations● Areas of Criticism● The Security Council○ Criticisms related to membership structure, lack of representation and effectiveness○ Difficulty of Reform ● UN Performance○ Bloated bureaucracy, inefficient, corrupt○ Lack of results or bad results● The Security Council (SC) and Reform● Problems:○ Undemocratic Structure○ Slow, Ineffective● Difficulty in Reform○ Need 2/3 of UN General Assembly and approval by the 5 permanent SC membersto change the UN Charter○ Battle over how to change SC membership■ Expand permanent seats?■ Create semi-permanent seats?■ Expand elected seats?○ Not clear any proposed reform will lead to improvements● UN Performance and Effectiveness● Problems and Criticisms○ Bloated bureaucracy, inefficient, corrupt○ Lack of results or bad results (UN not succeeding in promoting its goals, cases of causing more harm than good)● Various Steps at Administrative Reform ● Consolidation of offices and merging of units at the UN Secretariat level● 1990s-2000s: Elimination of more than 2000 posts● Reorganization of UN work program to 4 core areas● Creation of new internal management bodies (internal evaluations, audits, ethics office, etc.)● Financial Crisis at the UN● State of financial crisis at the UN since the 1980s (under Reagan, US owes 78%)● 1990s: In 1994,US unpaid contributions rise to $1.5 billion, and total UN shortfall rises to$3.5 billion● 2000s○ 2006: Only 40 member states pay their contributions in time and in full○ Recent years: better, but still budget