POLS 2401 Edition 1 Lecture 14Outline of Previous LectureUrbanizationI.Urbanization over TimeA. Starts in the West/ JapanB. Growth of citiesC. rich cities are the most urbanII. Moving to the Developing WorldA. Industrialization and UrbanizationIII. Global Cities and MegacitiesIV. Challenges of UrbanizationV. Positive Aspects of Big CitiesOutline of Current LectureGlobal Environmental Issues and PoliticsI.20th Century Human Impact on the EnvironmentA. Climate change and ozone depletionB. Nuclear and chemical riskII. Human Causes of Environmental Change and DegrationA. Agricultural productionB. War and political conflictsIII. Evolution of Global Environmental Politics and InstitutionsIV. Conventions and Agreements Related to the EnvironmentV. Other Solutions•20 th Century Human Impact on the Environment•Climate change and ozone depletion•Nuclear and chemical risks–Environmental dangers of nuclear power–Pesticides, industrial and hazardous wastes–•Lands, forests and biodiversity–Resource depletion, species extinction•Water issues–Freshwater, marine and coastal pollution•Atmosphere–Air pollution, acid rain•Human Causes of Environmental Change and Degradation•Industrialization and its spread from the West to the rest of the world•Agricultural production•Consumerism, expanding global markets and human demands for resources•War and political conflicts•Evolution of global environmental politics and institutions•Pre-1972: Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO), UN Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO)•Turning point: 1972 UN Conference on the Human Environment in Stockholm•Creation of the UN Environmental Program (UNEP)•Other UN organs that now deal with environmental issues: World Bank, UNDP, International Whaling Commission, International Tropical Timber Organization•Conventions and Agreements Related to the EnvironmentWildlife Ramsar Convention (1972), Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (1975), Convention on Migratory Species (1983), Convention on Biological Diversity (1993)AtmosphereVienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer (1987), UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (1993) Chemicals and Toxic Pollution Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes (1989), Rotterdam Convention on Prior Informed Consent Procedure for CertainHazardous Chemicals and Pesticides in International Trade (1998), Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (2001) Other Convention on Desertification, UN Law of the Sea (1982)•Other Solutions•Problems with international environmental agreements–Difficulty of reaching strong agreements, often very lengthy negotiation process–Implementation problems when states don’t comply••Other solutions–NGO programs–Multi-sectoral collaboration–Incorporating the environment in other policies: debt for nature