BIOL 101 1nd Edition Lecture 31 Outline of Last Lecture I. Case StudyII. Components of Human Cardiovascular Systema. Arteriesb. Capillariesc. VeinsIII. Human Heart and Blood FlowOutline of Current Lecture I. Case StudyII. Future Heart AttackIII. Wake up CallIV. Pumping/Pressure/Health Current LectureClass DiscussionIV. Case Study - Wake up call – Part 2It appears that Denise has suffered mild heart trauma, which may lead to a more severe heart attack if not treated. A. Has Denise suffered a heart attack? Defend your answer below.1. Heart Attack: damage or death of cardiac tissue. One of the coronary arteries is blocked 2. cardiac arrest is the term used when the heart muscleliterally stops pumping blood. A heart attack: may lead tocardiac arrest.3. Atherosclerosis: paste hardness These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.B. What can Denise do in the future to avoid having a heart attack? BRAINSTORM.1. cholesterol (a type of lipid necessary for synthesis of hormones, vitamin D, and bile) is carried through the bloodstream by two main types of ______________________:i. high density lipoproteins or "_good fats_" cholesterol: help prevent heart disease by transporting lipids and cholesterol from the arteries to the liver.ii. low density lipoproteins or "__bad fats_" cholesterol: contain more fat and less protein, are unstable and stick to artery walls to help contribute to plaque formation2. Diagnostic tests – blood pressure, cholesterol measurements, CRP ( the C reactive protein) produced by the liver during episodes of inflammation. V. Case Study - Wake up call – Part 3Emily could sense that her mother was tense and out of sorts, so she planned a relaxing evening for her parents and offered to cook mushroom lasagna, her mother's favorite dish. All was going well until dessert, when Emily noticed her mother's face growing paler by the minute. Suddenly, just like that night back in October, Denise began to have severe trouble breathing and her heart began racing. The room began to spin and, without warning, she fainted on the dining room floor. "Oh my God! Dad, call 911!""Uh oh. Oh! Oh no! Denise. Denise! Do you read me? I'm in the middle of a heartattack!! I know it. I can feel it! That plaque in your left anterior descending coronaryartery just ruptured. Now everything is going crazy. Everyone in the whole body seems to be swimming by. High levels of fibrinogen, C-reactive protein (CRP), and interleukin-18 (IL-18-inflammatory markers present in the bloodstream when there's unstable plaque) are combining with your high blood serum cholesterol. BAD things are happening, Denise. Really, really BAD! Plaque ruptures. Platelets stick to the exposed lipid core at the site of rupture. The blood clot grows...too big. Oh too big. Is it going to break? Say it isn't going to break. Not thrombosis, please........ It's been 10 minutes since my heart cells supplied by the blocked artery have been without oxygen. If something isn't done soon, my cells are going to die. Necrosis! I never thought I could say that word. They say a heart attack can take over four to six hours. This first hour is horrible—the most critical period. Parts of the blood clot may break loose, travel in the blood, and stick in some tiny little blood vessel. My God, it could get in a coronary artery or the brain! An embolism. I need help! Now... NOW. HELP!!I've got to get my self in hand. It's the only way in a crisis. Right? Right! Why didn't Denise go to her doctor to complain about her chronic breathlessness, fatigue, and nausea? All this stress elevated herblood pressure and further increased her risk for a heart attack. Alright, so she didn't know that she hada mutation in her LDL receptor gene. How could she know that LDL was not being efficiently removed from her blood? Whatever. At least she should have known her LDL blood levels were very high. So were her levels of lipoprotein (LP a). This stuff increases heart disease risk. Why didn't anyone warn her?Sure, I know I'm involved. I'm taking it personally. Wouldn't you? But maybe, just maybe, if Denise had been more aware of the symptoms of heart disease she would have sought help. I happen to know that heart attacks are the number one cause of death in the U.S. More people die from cardiovascular disease(including heart attacks, atherosclerosis, and hypertension) each year than the next six leading causes of death combined, including cancer and automobile accidents. It's an epidemic that people need to be educated about. So get it. I'm here to tell you. Denise. If you won't listen to me, who will you listen to?QUESTION - Why is the first hour of a heart attack the most critical?Cells are dyingVI. Pumping/Pressure/HealthA. Pumping: 1. Diastole- relaxation phase2. Systole- contraction phase3. Pulse- rhythmic stretching of arteriesB. Blood pressure- What is it used as a health measure of?It shows how efficiently your heart can pump blood. 1. What affects pressure? a. volumeb. diameter of vessel2. Systolic/diastolic blood pressure, what is normal? 120/703.Hypertension- 140/90High blood pressure – heart works hard to deliver more oxygen to body – enlargement of left ventricle – coronary blood supply doesn’t keep up with increase in heart muscle – heart muscle – stroke/heart