BIOL 101 1nd Edition Lecture 11 Outline of Last Lecture I. Glycolysis – a visualII. Pyruvate Oxidation – a visual III. Citric Acid Cycle – a visualIV. Oxidative Phosphorylation – a visual Outline of Current Lecture I. ReproductionII. Eukaryotic Cell CycleIII. Anatomy of ChromosomesIV. CancerCurrent LectureMitosis: How Cells Reproduce Class DiscussionI. ReproductionA. Asexual reproduction – creates offspring without the participation of sperm and egg; organism -> cell division -> entirely new organism 1. What cells use it? What organisms use it?Prokaryotes, some eukaryotes (yeast)2. Consequence-the parent and the offspring are genetically identical B. Sexual reproduction – requires fertilization of an egg by sperm. Resemble parents but are NOT genetically identical.Come up with a list of actions or events that an animal cell must undergo to achieve division.Replicate all the organelles, DNA, and cytoplasm in the cell. The chromatin must coil up to form specific chromosomes. Chromosomes have to pair up. Nuclear envelope has to dissolve. These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.Spindle must form and attach to the centromere of the chromosomes. The chromosomes line up on a the metaphase plate and then split and go to each pole, the cell pinches in and then creates two new cells. Growth factor must be there to keep cell division. Proteins are made. Interphase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase, Cytokinesis II. Eukaryotic Cell Cycle-(2 phases) A. Interphase (precedes both mitosis and meiosis) –3 subphases: 90% of the cell cycle. G1 Phase – Cell growth, proteins are produced, cytoplasm made, make more macromolecules, make new organelles, this is when the cell carries out its functionS Phase – DNA synthesis, chromosomes are duplicatedG2 Phase – Cell growth, proteins are produced, cytoplasm made, make more macromolecules, make new organelles, this is when the cell carries out its function the first line, the DNA replicates; The x is a chromosome that consists of two sister chromatids; the chromosomes divides into two separate ones Anatomy of chromosomes:-Chromosome = a double stranded DNA molecule-Sister chromatids = duplicated chromosomes that are connected, each chromatid will become a chromosome in the daughter cell.-Constricted region of a chromosome =__centromere_.-Protein complex that forms at the centromere to connect chromatids to microtubule spindle fibers = __kinetochore_._Histone_ = proteins that the DNA double helix winds around.__Heterochromatin__ = when DNA is tightly wound up.B. Mitosis. What cells in your body perform this? Somatic cells body cells (M)- 4 subphases: 1. interphase (DNA is being replicated and is being prepared to divide, the spindles are starting to from) 2. Prophase (the spindles continue to start forming and the DNA begins to pack tightly together)3. ProMetaphase (nuclear envelope breaking apart, the spindles are attaching to the centromeres) 4. Metaphase (sister chromatids are lining up on the metaphase plate) 5. Anaphase (the sister chromatids are being pulled apart to the poles) 6. Telophase (cytoplasm is pinching off from each other and the two new cells are formed)In animal cells, you pinch the cell into two (cleavage furrow), but in plant cells a new cell wall is formed that divides the cell in two. PRACTICE: To the left is a picture of all the chromosomes of an animal cell inG1 of the cell cycle. Draw what this cell will look like at:1) G22) Metaphase3) After cytokinesisG2 Metaphase After cytokinesisIn G2 everything will be replicated. In metaphase the chromosomes will form and will split apart between the two poles. After cytokinesis, the the cell splits into two identical cells. III. CancerHow are cancer cells different from other cells? The control system is not in place and thecell keeps
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