BIOL 101 1nd EditionExam # 1 Study Guide Lectures: 1 - 9Lecture One (1/8)Properties and processes we associate with life 1. Order – living cells are the basis of this complex organization2. Reproduction – organisms reproduce their own kind3. Growth and development – inherited information in the form of DNA controls the pattern of growth and development of all organisms. 4. Energy processing – chemical energy stored in the food that we eat is used to power our own activities and chemical reactions5. Response to the environment – all organisms respond to environmental stimuli6. Regulation – many types of mechanisms regulate an organism’s internal environment, keeping it within limits that sustain life. 7. Evolutionary adaptation – Adaptations evolve over many generations as individuals with traits best suited to their environment have greater reproductive success and pass their traits to offspring. Evolution – the core theme of biology that makes sense of both the unity and diversity of life. 1.2 In life’s hierarchy of organization, new properties emerge at each levelBiosphere – all of the environments on Earth that support life including regions of land, bodies of water, and the lower atmosphere.- Within the biosphere are ecosystems – which consist of all the organisms living in a particular area, as well as the physical components with which the organisms interact, such as air, soil, water, and sunlight. o Within the ecosystem is a community – the entire array of organisms in an ecosystem  Each unique life form is called a species- A population includes all the individuals of a particular species living in an area. o Next is an organism – an individual living thing- Within the organism we have an organ system – which consists of several organs that cooperate in a specific function o An organ is made of several different tissues, each made up of a group of similar cells that perform a specific function  A cell is the fundamental unit of life- An organelle is a membrane enclosed structure that performs a specific function in a cello A molecule is a cluster of small chemical units called atoms held together by chemical bondsAs we work the other way and go from a cell to a biosphere, we see different properties emerge. These properties are called emergent properties. - The emergent properties of each level result from the specific arrangement and interactions of its parts. 1.3 Cells are the structural and functional units of life A cell is the level at which the properties of life emerge, it’s the lowest level of structure that can perform all activities required for life. A cell can - Regulate its internal environment- Take in and use energy - Respond to its environment- Develop and maintain its complex organizationThe ability of cells to give rise to new cells is the basis for all reproduction and for the growth and repair of multicellular organismsAll organisms are composed of cells and all cells share many characteristics. Prokaryotic cells – first to evolve and were Earth’s sole inhabitants - Its simpler and smaller than eukaryotic - Cells of bacteria are prokaryotic Eukaryotic cells – evolved 2.1 billion years ago System – the ordered arrangement and interactions of the structures of a cell that form a complex organization Systems biology – the goal is to construct models for the dynamic behavior of whole systems based on studying the interactions among the parts Another theme of biology is the correlation of structure and function. When analyzing a biological structure, we can get clues about what it does and how it works1.4 Organisms interact with their environment, exchanging matter and energy Producers – provide food for a typical ecosystems, plantsConsumers – eat plats and other animals Decomposers – act as recyclers, changing complex matter into simpler mineral nutrients that plants can absorb and use. The dynamics of ecosystems include two major processes – the recycling of chemical nutrients and the flow of energy. - This is done through the exchange of chemicals and energy from the sun 1.5 The unity of life is based on DNA and a common genetic code DNA – found in all cells the continuity of life is dependent on it. It is the chemical substance of genes. Genes – the units of inheritance that transmit information from parents to offspring.- They are grouped into very long DNA molecules called chromosomes and control the activities ina cell. Structure of DNA - Made up of two long chains in a double helix, which consist of four chemical building blocks known as nucleotidesThe DNA of genes provides the blueprints for making proteins, and proteins serve as the tools that actually build and maintain the cell and carry out its activities The diversity of life arises from differences in DNA sequences, the variations on the common theme of storing genetic information in DNA. 1.6 The diversity of life can be arranged into three domainsWe group species into categories from genus, family, order, class and phylum, to kingdom Life can be organized into three higher levels called domains. 1. Bacteriaa. Consist of prokaryotesb. Most diverse and widespread 2. Archaeaa. Consist of prokaryotesb. Live in Earth’s extreme environments 3. Eukaryaa. Organisms with eukaryotic cells i. Protists – a diverse collection of mostly single celled organisms and some relatively simple multicellular relativesii. Plantae – plants, which produce their own food by photosynthesisiii. Fungi – diverse group, whose members mostly decompose the remains of dead organisms and organic wastes and absorb nutrients into their cellsiv. Animalia – eat other organisms 1.7 Evolution explains the unity and diversity of lifeEvolution accounts for life’s dual nature of kinship and diversityEvolution – species living today are descendants of ancestral species Natural Selection – mechanism for evolution; the result of natural selection is evolutionary adaptation, the accumulation of favorable traits in a population over time. 1.8 Scientific inquiry is used to ask and answer questions about nature Science – way of knowing, an approach to understanding the natural world. Scientific inquiry – involves making observations, forming hypotheses, and testing predictionsData can be 1. Quantitative – a numerical measurement 2. Qualitative – a descriptive measurement Inductive reasoning – collecting and analyzing