Natural Selection Evolution Antibiotic Resistance ISB 201 spring 2024 Feel good about today s material to prepare for your next teaching assignment This time you will be teaching How Antibiotic Resistance Develops in a population of Bacteria National Kite Flying Day Feb 8 2024 QUIZ 2 Print Name 1 Define Natural Selection underline the 4 key parts of that definition 2 Demonstrate your understanding of Natural Selection and explain the process of how the hover fly may have evolved to take on the appearance of the yellow jacket wasp Demonstrate your understanding of Natural Selection in your response Start with the definition and add details that relate to the specific question Those best fit under the current conditions survive reproduce The hover flies that had traits resembling a yellow jacket wasp under the current conditions survived reproduced and passed on those traits to the next generation One potential pathway If there is already genetic variability in the population the process of natural selection will dictate which trait s or variability is best fit Genetic variability within one species in one area Owl Butterfly sp How does this happen Experimental study showing bird reactions to both owls and owl butterflies Birds were hesitant around images of owls with eyes open and owl butterfly spots but less weary with eyes closed and less clear eye spot markings An alternate pathway If there was not the genetic variability in the population then a new trait or variation of the trait could have arisen from genetic mutation AND then the process of natural selection will dictate which traits are best fit Identify traits Is the trait increasing or decreasing What might be causing this Natural Selection Those organisms best fit to exist under the current conditions survive and produce more offspring Factors contributing to current conditions can be Abiotic or Biotic Lack of pigment due to lack of sunlight Abiotic Lack of hearing due to lack of predators Biotic Abiotic non living factors temperature precipitation wind sunlight etc Biotic living factors predation disease mating etc What is antibiotic resistance and how does it develop in a population of bacteria Why do elephants have tusks 12 Why are some now born without tusks What has changed 13 A male elephant s two tusks can weigh more than 250 pounds with a pound of ivory fetching as much as 1 500 on the black market 375 000 14 Elephants ditch tusks to survive Research at Queen Elizabeth National Park Uganda showed that 15 of female elephants and 9 of males in the park were born without tusks In 1930 the figure for both male and female elephants was only 1 The tuskless trait is the result of a chance genetic mutation 15 Natural Selection Those organisms best fit to exist under the current conditions survive and produce more offspring tuskless trait increases Which best describes the current trend in mean tusk length Can you create a scenario where male African elephants are found with very large tusks and very small tusks disruptive selection Evolution The change over time in a populations genetic makeup gene pool through successive generations driving force Mechanisms of evolution are genetic mutations and natural selection acting on the genetic variability within a population Evolution The change over time in a populations genetic makeup gene pool through successive generations When do genetic mutations take place During DNA replication When does natural selection occur The moment we are born When does evolution take place After successive generations Only to populations and not Individuals What about Bacteria Asexual reproduction doubling clones Sexual reproduction conjugation exchange DNA Some double every 20 minutes 20 A cleaning product that kills 99 of the bacteria on a surface and leaves 1 is up to 4 of the original number at the end of the first hour 32 at the end of the second and back to full strength after another 40 minutes or so After how long is the the population at its original number PLUS before the bacterium can divide it needs to make two identical copies of the DNA in its chromosome one for each cell Every time the bacterium goes through this process there is a chance that mutations occur These mutations may include traits making them resistant to an antibiotic 21 How does the emergence of Antibiotic Resistance traits in bacteria compare contrast with Elephants losing their tusks Similar Different This normally would have been another Teaching Someone Else Assignment I am not going to assign that but try having the conversation with someone and test your ability to communicate the process I haven t been showing this video in class but encourage you to watch it if you still feel uncomfortable with explaining HOW resistance occurs in bacteria Short video tying in mutations bacteria and antibiotic resistance https video search yahoo com search video ylt AwrBT7uJNrpWIdwAn8ZXNyoA ylu X3oDMTE0NW92NWp yBGNvbG8DYmYxBHBvcwMxBHZ0aWQDQjExNTlfMQRzZWMDcGl2c w p evolution of superbugs fr yfp t 201 fr2 piv web id 44 vid 9cf3223b0e05b60839eaf94f77262548 action view The Evolution of Bacteria on a Mega Plate Petri Dish Kishony Lab https www youtube com watch v plVk4NVIUh8 Drug resistant bacteria that causes stomach bug symptoms on the rise CDC warns The bacteria shigella causes an infection called shigellosis that can come with gastrointestinal symptoms like diarrhea and stomach cramps An increasing percentage of shigella samples are turning out to be extensively resistant meaning they have resistance to all five recommended antibiotic Antibiotics Misuse puts you and others at risk Antibiotics can be lifesavers but misuse has increased the number of drug resistant bacteria See how this affects you and what you can do to help prevent antibiotic resistance http www mayoclinic org healthy lifestyle consumer health in depth antibiotics art 20045720 The overuse of antibiotics especially taking antibiotics even when they re not the appropriate treatment promotes antibiotic resistance Common viral infections that do not benefit from Cold Flu influenza Bronchitis Most coughs Most sore throats Some ear infections Some sinus infections Stomach flu viral gastroenteritis antibiotic treatment include 26 News World Antibiotic resistant superbugs are here and they re spreading A new report offers a global snapshot of the problem of antibiotic resistance http www thestar com news world 2015 09 27 antibiotic resistant superbugs are here and