ISB 201 1st EditionExam # 2 Study Guide Lectures: 5- 10Lecture 5 (February 2)The Success of InsectsHow do you determine the success of a wild animal? Give 5 ways.- Ability to reproduce- Ability to live in several locations- How long they have been around- Ability to adapt and survive TaxonomyWhat are the 5 characteristics that almost all adult insects share? And what type of symmetry do insects have?- Exoskeleton- 3 body parts- 6 jointed legs- 1 pair of antennae- Wings (most)- Bilateral symmetryDescribe how a liger was produced. What would it take for a liger to become its own separate species?A liger is a result of a male lion and a female tiger that mate to produce a hybrid because they are two different species. A new species is created when hybrids reproduce together and isolate themselves to formtheir own population.Chapter 1 and 2 from bookDescribe the life cycle of a mosquito. List 3 diseases transmitted. Why was the mosquito and housefly eradication program in the 1950s unsuccessful?Egglarvaepupaadult; the first three stages are in water and the adult flies in the air.Malaria, Yellow Fever, and West Nile Virus are all transmitted by mosquitos.The insects became resistant to DDT because of their high biotic potential which led to many beneficial mutations. DDT no longer became cost effective to eradicate the insects. Lecture 6 (February 4) What is the relationship between biotic potential and rate of adaptation?Higher biotic potential (ability for organisms to reproduce and live), higher mutation rate(natural mistakes of genes that cause variation), higher chance of adaptation (trait that helps an individual survive and reproduce)What is parthenogenesis and what are the pros and cons?Parthenogenesis is a form of A sexual reproduction where development of embryo doesn’t require fertilization. Pros: - no energy wasted on finding a mate- produce a lot of offspring- produce cloneCons:- decreased genetic variability - susceptible to environmental changeWhat is better complete or incomplete metamorphosis? Give 3 reasons to support your position.Incomplete Metamorphosis - Around longer meaning they have been successful and have high biotic potential.- A sexual and sexual reproduction- Reproduce quicker more sex increase chance for mutations Complete metamorphosis - Pupa protects from harsh conditions- Reduces intraspecific (same species) competition for food and habitat resources- Not limited by food sourceCh. 6 and 7 BookDescribe the difference between the aphid and the tsetse fly’s strategy for reproduction. Which, in your opinion is more beneficial for the survival of the species (this is subjective and needs to be supported with 2 reasons)? Aphid- R Selection: Produce many offspring, providing minimal care in hope that enoughwill survive to pass on the genes - Mother multiplies herself by parthenogenesis to reproduce a dynasty of clones and laying large numbers of eggs- Telescoping: an embryo already has a developing embryo inside of it- SUCCESSFUL: many generations produced in life cycle; high biotic potential; high rate of possible beneficial mutations; high probability for adaptions- NOT SUCCESSFUL: although 1000s of eggs are laid, few will survive the winterTsetse Fly- Mother has a uterus and feeds the larva milk- Sexual reproduction- K selection: Produce few off spring, but invests a lot of care to ensure survival - SUCCESSFUL: in favorable conditions, 61 day life can produce 6 offspring per female. If time and care is put in and all survive, very successful in carrying on genetic material. - UNSUCCESSFUL: an animal must survive to adulthood if it is to bear progeny that will surviveLecture 7 (February 9)What are the three forms or Natural Selection and what is an example of each?Directional Selection- A shift in the frequency of a trait in response to the environment- EX: population of snail shells shifts from light to dark in response to sand- EX: A birds tail gets shorter to make flight easier.Stabilizing natural selection- An optimal value (avg) of a trait within a population. Extremes decrease from gene pool.- EX: not a lot of variation for thickness of egg shells; consistency - EX: sloths give birth to twins, only one survives because can only catch one baby in treeDisruptive Natural Selection- Extremes of a trait are advantageous and the avg are selected against. Way of eliminating middle values from gene pool.- EX: peppered moth, both black and with exist depending on change in the environment Which graph reveals which type of natural selection?A. DisruptiveB. StabilizingC. DirectionalLecture 8 (February 11)What is the difference between a male lions’ mane and the muskox’ horns and size for sexual selection?The male lions’ mane is a form of female choice sexual selection to attract females. The female chooses their mate based on the size of the male and his mane to show characteristics of good genes, health, and power.The male muskox size and horns are a trait that develops for male competition for fighting advantages over females. The males develop horns to butt heads during mating season not for protection, but solely for reproducing. Summarize the difference between natural selection and sexual selection.Natural selection is traits that are best fit for current environment that allow an organism to live and reproduce.Sexual selection is a part of natural selection, but only deals with traits developed for reproductive purposes. Lecture 9 (February 16)What is evolution and what are the driving forces?The change overtime in a populations’ genetic makeup through successive generations.- Mutations- Natural selection- Successive generationsDescribe the co-evolution between ants and fungus.Co-evolution is the process whereby the evolution of one organism drives the evolution of another. Leaf cutter ants cut out pieces of healthy leaves then take them back to the nest where a smaller ant cleans the leaves for fungus (food source) to grow. The leaf cutter ants due to disruptive selection, developed into three different specialized sizes. The fungus developed a mold to protect itself from consumption. In response, the antsspecialized for cleaning the leaves, developed a bacteria on their bodies’ to fight against the mold spores. What do missing links and fossil records tell scientists about Earth’s history? Use an example in your answer.Fossil records allow us to look at the past and answer questions about Earth’s geological