ISB 201 1st EditionExam # 4 Study Guide Lectures: 17 - 23Lecture 17 (March 30)Weather and ClimateDescribe the difference between weather and climate. What are the main factors driving earth’sclimate?Weather:- atmospheric conditions for a small geographic area over a short period of time.Climate:- Weather patterns for large geographic areas over long periods of timeMain factors:- Temperature- Precipitation What are the three interaction of light?1.Reflection: light in light out; no heat energy2.Absorption: light absorbed by gas or molecule heat energy3.Transmitted: light passes through; only small amount is absorbed and the rest is transformed into heatWhat is the greenhouse effect? (be able to sketch). What factors contribute to it?Greenhouse effect: natural process where heat is absorbed by greenhouse gases AND redirected back to earthFactors: - composition of gases- Amount of sunlight absorbed- Albedo effect: reflectivity of a surfaceLecture 18 (April 1)List 3 possible secondary factors driving climate and describe each.1. Albedo effect: high albedo = high reflection = less absorption = less transfer to heat = lowtemp= cool climates (if consistent)2. Latitude: more direct and consistent sunlight will produce warmer climates3. Wind currents: combined with earth’s rotation directs warm air4. Water bodies: Lakes contribute to warmer temperatures off the coast because water holds onto heat for a long time; affects precipitation5. Ocean currents: redistribute warm and cold water all over planet; thermohaline circulation: heat and salt cause a cycle of rising and sinkingLecture 19 (April 6) Why does London, England have a warmer climate then Marquette, MI from the same latitude?- Ocean currents bring warm water north between America and Europe- The air above the warm ocean is heated- Weather and wind traveling west to east at this latitude carries the warm air to London, while Michigan is receiving its weather from inland. What is Ozone? Describe good and bad ozone.Ozone: O3; means to smell; produced with energy and sunlight as O2 breaks down, the O attaches to O2 creating O3Good O3: produced in stratosphere; absorbs UV light and destroys pollutantsBad O3: produced on ground level; traps heat and contributes to smog pollutionLecture 20 (April 8)What are CFCs and why are they no longer legal in the United States?CFC: chloroflurocarbons first introduced in the 1920s that dramatically increased the quality of life. They were used in refrigeration, air conditioning units, and aerosol sprays. Harmful: - Breaks down ozone- Takes many years to rise up to stratosphere - Lasts a long time in stratosphereWhy is Ozone thinning more pronounced at the poles?The poles do not receive a lot of direct sunlight and have extremely cold temperatures. Ozone needs both sunlight and heat energy to be produced. What is the difference between a source and a sink? Use CO2 to compare the two.Source: molecules and elements released back into the environment. Ex: burning coal releases CO2.Sink: molecules locked up for a long time in one place. Ex: Forests dies and CO2 sinks and consolidates forming coal (stored energy).Lecture 21 (April 13)How is conventional energy produced? How can this method be used to produced unconventional energy?Conventional energy: 1. convert fossil fuels into heat by burning2. **heat converts to mechanical energy through a turbine to strip electrons3. Generator converts into electrical energy4. StorageThis same method of stripping electrons through a turbine is used with alternative energies such as wind mills to create energy or ocean currents. How do fossil fuels form in the environment?- Oil and natural gas: aquatic organisms die and partially decompose as they sink and sediment covers them. Over millions of years the layers turn into a gooey liquid and gas- Coal: partially decomposed plants sink to the bottom and sediment covers them. Over time, pressure and heat squeeze out liquid as it condenses and hardensLecture 22 (April 15)What are biofuels and how are they created? What are two pros and two cons?Biofuels: process of obtaining energy from agricultural products and algae Production similar to moonshine: 1. Make a mash (sugars)2. Add enzymes for fermentation3. Evaporate by adding heat4. Condensed liquid left overPro:1. Reduce CO2 emissions2. Recycles agricultural wastes like corn and sugar can stalksCon:1. Competes with food production and this could increases prices as population grows2. Reduce soil fertility when plant material is removed that would normally replenish nutrientsLecture 23 (April 20)Why is the Keystone Pipeline project so controversial? What are the pros and cons?The Keystone pipeline transports crude oil from reserves in Canada to refineries in Texas. Although part of it is already constructed, adding the existing line is extremely controversial because of the battle between money and protecting both the environment and public health. The oil is not pure, but tar sands that contain both coal, sediment and oil.Pros: - Creates jobs- Tax breaks- Less foreign dependency Cons: - Jobs are short term for the US- Most oil exported, still relying on middle east- Extremely hard to clean up