ISB 201 1st Edition Lecture 11 Outline of Last Lecture I. Invasive SpeciesII. Native vs. Non-nativeIII. Live and Co-Evolution Outline of Current Lecture IV. SoilV. Ecosystem ServicesVI. Sustainable human cultureCurrent LectureIV. SoilA. What is soil?1. A complex ecosystem of living and non-living things that occur on the land surface and characterized by ability to support rooted plants2. More diversity in soil then the rainforest or coral reefB. Ecosystem- a community of living organisms and their associated non-living environment1. Living organism (biotic)- all life forms2. Non-living (abiotic)- air, water, rocks, wind ect.C. Where did soil come from?1. Hawaii- islands formed as the pacific plate moved over a hot spot; volcanoes formed islands2. Soil formed thorugh the breakdown of rocks (decomposers and fungus) and algae growth which makes its own food a. Lichens attach to rock surface and secrete chemicals that break down rockb. Fungus and algae begin to form in crevices and as they die, decompose tocreate soilc. Deep rooted plants can colonize3. Why is Bake r woodlot’s soil thicker than Hawaii’s?a. More plants and animals to decompose- more organic materialb. Older areac. Cooler climate allows for slower decomposition to produce richer soilD. Erosion- breakdown of rock and non-living matieral1. Transport- movement of eroded materialThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.2. Grand Canyona. Sand stone water from CO river carved out a deep trenchb. Sand came from erosion from the Appalachian Mts. Transported3. Human effectsa. Logging industry in MI, without trees to prevent river bank erosionb. Soil filled in streams and destroyed ecosystems ex: GraylingE. Problems with soil1. Soils are nutrient and mineral depleted and foods aren’t as nutritious- need chemical fortifications of soilVI. Ecosystem ServiceA. Habitat for plants and animals1. 95% of insects have part of their life cycle in soilB. Aids in decomposition1. Rate increases with top soil, more insects and bacteria C. Provides nutrition1. Affects food web ex: Robins eat worms which eat decomposing agents in soilD. Assists with water purification1. Recycled rainE. Degrades contaminants1. Bacterial and fungus break down toxins2. Bioremediation- the process of using microorganisms or enzymes to return environments to their original conditiona. Blend of bacterial that converts petroleum products into Carbon dioxide and waterb. Aerobic bacteria- need oxygen to break down bondsc. Anerobic bacteria- need Carbon and Hydrogen to break bondsVII. Sustainable Human Culture = fresh water and healthy soilA. Healthy soil= nutrients, minerals, and textureB. Minerals- come from rocks, inorganic C. Nutrients- organic, decomposition of plants and animals1. Macronutrients= needed large amountsa. Nitrogen (N): required by plants and animals; builds cells; builds lipids, proteins, nucleic acids and carbsb. Phosphorous (P): required by plants and animals; healthy bones and teeth; DNA; creates energy, absorbs Vit B2. Micronutrients= needed in small amountsa. Iodine (I): Human requirement; can develop goiters deficiency 3. Nutrient deficiency= see in coloring and physical looksD. Soil texture- the % of silt, clay, sand; ability to hold and store water1. Particle size and permeability: large= high; small= lowa. Need a mixture for sustainability b. Sand and cactus adaptation= longer rootsc. Clays are generally neg charged and many nutrients are pos charged; tendto hold onto nutrients better in soils with clay2. Impacting soil quality a. Compaction- this can affect water and gas exchange by making soil impermeableb. Contamination- when we put things in soil it potentially alters the ability to hold nutrients or may add too many nutrientsc. Desertification- soil degradation resulting in and or desert like