ISB 201 1nd EditionFinal Exam Study Guide Lectures: 1 - 23Lecture 1 (January 12)Insects, Globalization, and Sustainability Describe the tragedy of the commons and how would it apply to Easter Island?Define Tragedy of the Commons:- short sighted use of natural resources for immediate gain without concern for the future.Easter Island:- The people used trees to erect statues to pay tribute to their current leaders or gods without concern for the future need for the forestry. What is the maximum sustainability yield? Consider this, if 100 walrus produce 50 babies, how many can be harvested without diminishing the overall population?Define max sustainability yield:- It is the largest number of organisms that can be removed from a population without decreasing the overall population number. Walrus question:- 100-50=50Describe the myth of inexhaustibility? Describe using an example.The belief that Earth’s resources cannot be used up and will always be there for future use. Oil has already hit its peak and will only decrease as the world continues to consume at a high rate. Lecture 2 (January 14) What is the difference between a natural resource and an ecosystem service of a honey bee?A natural resource produced by a honey bee is honey and an ecosystem service would be pollination. The major difference between the two is you can more readily put a price tag on honey verses pollination.What are the components of environmental science?- How the earth works- Identifying problems with the way the earth works- Solutions for environmental problemsLecture 3 (January 21)What is a subsidy and give an example of one that harms the environment and one that helps the environment?- A sum of money granted by the government or a public body to assist an industry so that the price of a commodity or service may remain low or competitive.- Fossil fuel subsidy contributes to emission of carbon and other harmful gases into the atmosphere - NGR energy is a company that is subsidized to produce solar power energy that reduces the need to burn oil or natural gas for energy.What is a potential economic solution to improve the environment? What are the four goals of it?- Full cost pricing- 1) generate funds to offset external costs 2) increase consumer awareness 3) increase environmental awareness 4) decrease consumption Describe the difference between internal and external costs of chop sticks from China.- Internal costs: labor, manufacturing, production, transportation, distribution- External costs: deforestation, loss of wind barrier, dust storms, toxic air and waterWhat are three economic values of insects?- Pollination- Pest control- Hunting/bird watchingLecture 4 (January 26)Why should we eat insects? Give three reasons.- We already eat them for instance red dye comes from the cochineal beetle- There are problems with meat production such as disease exchange, the poor conversion factor and waste production.- Good source of protein How do external costs fit in with the western world’s obsession with consuming goods?- The people involved in production are compensating for the costs of goods with their land, air and health.What is the difference between planned obsolescence and perceived? Give an example of each to help explain your answer.- Planned: useless; made for the dump. EX: Styrofoam cup- Perceived: throw away stuff that is still useful. Changes with advertising and the latest trends. EX: iphoneLecture 5 (February 2)The Success of InsectsHow do you determine the success of a wild animal? Give 5 ways.- Ability to reproduce- Ability to live in several locations- How long they have been around- Ability to adapt and survive TaxonomyWhat are the 5 characteristics that almost all adult insects share? And what type of symmetry do insects have?- Exoskeleton- 3 body parts- 6 jointed legs- 1 pair of antennae- Wings (most)- Bilateral symmetryDescribe how a liger was produced. What would it take for a liger to become its own separate species?A liger is a result of a male lion and a female tiger that mate to produce a hybrid because they are two different species. A new species is created when hybrids reproduce together and isolate themselves to formtheir own population.Chapter 1 and 2 from bookDescribe the life cycle of a mosquito. List 3 diseases transmitted. Why was the mosquito and housefly eradication program in the 1950s unsuccessful?Egglarvaepupaadult; the first three stages are in water and the adult flies in the air.Malaria, Yellow Fever, and West Nile Virus are all transmitted by mosquitos.The insects became resistant to DDT because of their high biotic potential which led to many beneficial mutations. DDT no longer became cost effective to eradicate the insects. Lecture 6 (February 4) What is the relationship between biotic potential and rate of adaptation?Higher biotic potential (ability for organisms to reproduce and live), higher mutation rate(natural mistakes of genes that cause variation), higher chance of adaptation (trait that helps an individual survive and reproduce)What is parthenogenesis and what are the pros and cons?Parthenogenesis is a form of A sexual reproduction where development of embryo doesn’t require fertilization. Pros:- no energy wasted on finding a mate- produce a lot of offspring- produce cloneCons:- decreased genetic variability - susceptible to environmental changeWhat is better complete or incomplete metamorphosis? Give 3 reasons to support your position.Incomplete Metamorphosis - Around longer meaning they have been successful and have high biotic potential.- A sexual and sexual reproduction- Reproduce quicker more sex increase chance for mutations Complete metamorphosis - Pupa protects from harsh conditions- Reduces intraspecific (same species) competition for food and habitat resources- Not limited by food sourceCh. 6 and 7 BookDescribe the difference between the aphid and the tsetse fly’s strategy for reproduction. Which, in your opinion is more beneficial for the survival of the species (this is subjective and needs to be supported with 2 reasons)? Aphid- R Selection: Produce many offspring, providing minimal care in hope that enoughwill survive to pass on the genes - Mother multiplies herself by parthenogenesis to reproduce a dynasty of clones and laying large numbers of eggs- Telescoping: an embryo already has a developing embryo inside of it- SUCCESSFUL: many generations produced in life cycle; high biotic potential; high rate of possible