ISB 201 1st Edition Lecture 12 Outline of Last Lecture I. SoilII. Ecosystem servicesIII. Sustainable human culture Outline of Current Lecture IV. Selective Breeding v Genetic modification V. Broad spectrum PesticidesVI. Pesticide ResistanceVII. Alternatives/ Compliments to PesticidesCurrent LectureIV. Selective Breeding v. Genetic modificationA. Selective Breeding: developing plants or animals based on selecting desirable characteristics of the parents1. Breeding dogs2. Corn we eat today developed from cross breeding different speciesB. Genetic Modification (GM): taking genetic information from one organism using INVASIVE techniques 1. Bioluminescent genes from a jellyfish injected into genes of mosquito larvae, farming crops, and cancer cells to easily see themC. Monoculture: singe organism consolidated in one close large area1. Growing corn in fields humans make it easier for pests to locate food source2. Humans can manage crops more easily which leads to high productivity and efficiency 3. Plants natural defense are modified with increased pests Ex: milkweed4. Pesticides replace natural plant defenses V. Broad Spectrum Pesticides: develop to kill a broad range of insect pests to promote greater output of agriculture (DDT)- requires little knowledge of biology or ecologyA. Insect control: Prior to WWIIThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.1. mechanical control burning, kill all food source2. botanical control natural plants such as chrysanthemums have nicotine that deer, rabbits and mosquitos don’t like 3. Arsenic chemical found in common household goods; most widely used until1940s; residues built up and concentration intensifiedB. 1945-1972 DDT1. allied secret during WWII; barracks, bed bugs, lice, malariaC. After WWII DDT available to public1. effective, persistent, cheap2. 1961-63 peak of DDT production; 1962 Silent Spring published where birds were beginning to die from consuming DDT3. 1969 residues of DDT worldwidea. worms were had DDT in system from being in the soil then birds ate theworms and high levels of the chemical had adverse effects D. Biomodification: the buildup of a toxin through a food chain1. phytoplankton- zooplankton- smelt- trout- seagull- egg (124 ppm DDT)2. still an issue with other pesticides today that appear in our produce, processedfood, and even human breast milkVI. Pesticide Resistance: we will never beat insectsA. Those that survive reproduce and spread their genetic mutation to build up an immunity B. Goal: reduce pesticides NOT eliminate because of economicsC. Pesticide treadmill: 3 options1. Apply more of the same pesticide2. Use a new pesticide3. Use a combination of pesticides (this is where GMO can come into play)VIII. Alternatives and Compliments to PesticidesA. Biological control: use of living organisms to reduce pest population1. Reduce carrying capacity with environmental pressure2. Ladybug and aphids3. Do not cause humans harm, but agriculture, forestry, pests, and invasive species control4. * more biodiversity in an area the healthier, invasive species tend to be monocultures; genetic variability 5. Benefits: a. Reduces need for pesticidesb. Prevent loss of biodiversityc. Often relatively specific 6. Problems:a. New invasive species ex: Hawaii and mongoose for ratsb. Potentially not specie specificc. Doesn’t workB. Integrative Pest management 1. Multiple methods to control populations, “multi-pronged”2. Requires intimate understanding of pest organism biology3. Example: organic farming and insect life cycle a. Problem: Scaring on apples from insects feeding on small pieces ofimmature fruitb. Solution: fences in orchard and release pigs that eat the fallen fruit to control insect population and naturally fertilize the orchardC. Soil health: healthy balance of macro and micro nutrients can promote plants health1. K deficient soils weaken plant and more susceptible to pests add K to soil to return levels to