Chapter 10 Intelligence Definition Issues Historical Approaches Nuts and Bolts The WISC IV Cultural Bias and Group Differences If Time Intellectual Disability Definition Issues What is intelligence Composed of construct and quotient measure 5 heritability estimate Other ideas o Measure of potential to learn and increase cognitive ability o Emotional barriers o Retain and apply information o Biology Why do we need this label of intelligence tests 1986 meeting of intelligence experts produced several key elements 98 of experts said that intelligence is composed of o abstract thinking and reasoning o capacity to acquire knowledge o problem solving abilities ability to think abstractly and to learn readily from experience Spearman cluster of interrelated abilities that society deems valuable Example definitions whatever is valued by culture IQ is what you do when you don t know what to do Developmental sensitivity how to components apply to different ages Stability General assumptions of IQ score Individuals differ in IQ These differences are meaningful High IQ good low IQ bad Related questions What is the structure of IQ 1 thing or multiple things How do you get high score or what makes for individual differences Additional Questions Process product or both how you learn what you learn or both o Aptitude vs achievement pg 379 ability to learn SAT what you have learned psych exam range restriction How does motivation factor into IQ Stability pg 383 387 some measures of intelligence are more stable crystallized intelligence vs fluid intelligence Example intelligence task items Historical Approaches pg 372 Binet and Simon s general mental ability Developmental approach Objected to use of IQ score Emphasized flexibility of what measured Defined separate normal and abnormal kids Make these differences exact Measure them to avoid tact and intuition rather objective and tangible Stepping back 1 Unified vs multifaceted and 2 hierarchical vs non hierarchical If IQ intelligence is Unified cannot be hierarchical must be non hierarchical If multifaceted hierarchical Charles Spearman pg 368 Factor analysis and little g factor analysis abstract reasoning power IQ G capacity for inferring and applying relationships drawn from experience general capacity Believed intelligence functions account for relative standing in school pg 382 STATISTICALLY range restriction restricts range as lower numbers drop off Factor analysis Louis Thurstone Raymond Cattell Multifaceted and hierarchical Crystallized vs fluid intelligence There is a g o Crystallized factual knowledge o Fluid novel problem solving Sternberg s Triarchic theory Multifaceted non hierarchical pg 371 372 Emphasis on cognitive strategies or processes Howard Gardner Analytical creative and practical intelligence Describes his theory as more of an art than science interpersonal 8 distinct intelligences with no g pg 370 Multiple Intelligences intelligence The neuroscience approach pg 376 377 Efficiency PET scan and fMRI studies lower blood flow for higher IQ b c more efficient neurobio Speed response time studies Emotional intelligence EQ pg 374 375 Nuts and Bolts The WISC IV The Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children Fourth Edition WISC IV 15 subtests and 5 summary scores i e full scale verbal comprehension perception reasoning working memory processing speed Average 100 15 pts 85 for blacks midway for Hispanics over 100 for Asians 68 of children score 85 115 96 of children score 70 130 Emphasis on profile strength Cultural Bias and Group Differences Culture is an umbrella term that subsumes multiple individual difference variables pg 395 Age Gender Race Sexual Orientation Disability status Class status Geographical location Ethnicity Education Religious affiliation Language Def the tendency of items on a test of intelligence to require specific cultural experience or knowledge Documented ethnic differences Nature or heritability Behavioral genetics studies pg 389 391 Differences are not fully related to genetics Variables coordinated with ethnic influences in social environments Nurture variables Flynn Effect p 381 o 5 25 points higher IQ score than previous generations o due to better education lower infant mortality Poverty and schooling p 397 Language and customs o Fixed response IQ questions are not important everywhere Reactions to testing p 398 399 o Stereotype threat o Testing anxiety validity Intellectual Disability 2 core impairments 1 Intellectual ability o 70 75 full scale IQ measurement error 2 of population 2 Adaptive functioning p 387 behavior 1 have both factors Communication skills Daily living skills Motor skills Social and play skills
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