PSYC 1101PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDERSDefining the Boundaries of Normality - Three Key Elements for symptoms to qualify as a potential mental disordero Symptoms involve disturbances in behavior, thoughts, or emotionso Symptoms associates with significant personal distress of impairmento Symptoms stem from an internal dysfunction Biological, physical, or both- As many as 450 million people suffer from some form of psychological disorder (World Health Organization)- Estimates that 46.4% of the US population will suffer from some mental disorder in their lifetime with an average of onset at 14 years old- Mental illness affects:o #1 cause of disability ages 15-44o Suicide: #4 cause of death of individuals under 65 - 1 in 10 people suffer from mood disorder, e.g. depression (9.5%)Classifying Psychological Disorders- The American Psychiatric Association rendered a Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) to describe psychological disorderso Most recent edition, DSM-IV-TR (2000), describes 400 disorders, compared to just 60 in the 1950so Homosexuality used to be in it, but professionals realized it was wrong and took it out Multiaxial Classification (Classifying a Psychological Disorder)1. Axis 1: is a clinical syndrome (cognitive ,anxiety, mood disorders [16 syndromes]) present? a. Anxiety disorders: a fear response; increased physiological responses;active amygdala i. Generalized anxiety disorder1. Persistent and uncontrollable tenseness and apprehension2. Free floating anxiety – can’t really tell why. Inability to identify, and for that matter avoid, the cause of certain feelings 3. Often couples with depression comorbid = two disorders at the same time 4. Gender bias – 2/3 women5. 5% prevalence rate6. Low-level constant unease ii. Panic disorder1. Opposite of GAD: minutes-long episodes of intense dread which may include feelings of terror, chest pains, choking, or other frightening sensations2. Reoccurs through person’s life3. People can think they are getting a heart attack or something else freak out4. About 6 million Americans5. Combination of psychotherapy and medication helps 70-80% of people with panic disorder 6. Twice as common in women than men **Why are there sex differences in these disorders? Maybe women are more likely to get treated. Maybe men are more likely to self-medicate (like drink or do drugs to quellthe anxiety…)iii. Obsessive-compulsive disorder: persistence of unwanted thoughts (obsessions) and urges to engage in senseless rituals (compulsions) that cause distress 1. They do not want to be this way. 2. Intrusive thoughts about order and cleanliness etc. 3. Obsessions = repetitive thoughts about things like dirt, toxins, something bad happen, symmetry, order, etc.4. Compulsions = excessive hand washing, bathing, tooth brushing, repeating rituals, checking doors, locks, appliances, etc. 5. Prevalence = 1-2.5% of the population iv. Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) 1. Trauma = relative Anything from a really small accident to coming home from war2. Four or more weeks of the following symptoms constitute post-traumatic stress disorder 3. Haunting memories or dreams/night terrors living inthe past 4. Social withdrawal5. Jumpy anxiety, can be caused by a certain cue 6. Odds are higher for women (10%) than for men (5%)a. Most people display survivor resilience – ability to recover after severe stress. Some people have more sensitive emotion-processing limbic systems than others 7. A beta-blocker drug originally to fix heart rates affects memory. Does not totally erase the bad memory, but tones it down a. Once you bring a memory back, it becomes fluid and malleable again and can be reformed restorage can be blocked b. In the video: her symptoms were reduced by 1/3c. Usually only affects emotional memories/vivid memories v. Phobias 1. Marked by a persistent and irrational fear of an object or situation that disrupts behavior sends person into sheer panic, sometimes if they even just think about it2. Causes people to avoid those things3. Approximately 19.2 million Americans4. Typically begins in childhood; the median age of onset is7 years 5. Agoraphobia = phobia of open places6. Acrophobia = of heights7. Claustrophobia = of closed spaces8. Hemophobia = of blood 9. Can be from something bad happening when you experienced that once (like being attacked by a bear while reading James and the giant peach phobia of peaches)2. Axis 2: is a personality disorder or mental retardation present? (mental = IQ below 70) 3. Axis 3: is a general medical condition (diabetes, hypertension, or arthritis, etc.) also present? can affect moods or manifest itself in other symptoms4. Axis 4: are psychosocial or environmental problems (school or housing) problems present?5. Axis 5: what is the global assessment of the person’s functioning? 100 = best DisordersDepression (mood disorder)- Symptoms (must have at least 4 symptoms for 2 weeks along with anhedonia sadness)o Significant weight changeo Sleep disturbanceo Psychomotor retardation or agitationo Lethargy and fatigueo Feelings of worthlessnesso Diminished ability to concentrateo Suicide ideation -The Depressed Braino Decreased activity in left prefrontal cortexo Increased activity in right prefrontal cortex Meditation shifts from right to left- Treated with SSRIs – selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors Bipolar Disorder (mood disorder) = Alternation between depression and mania- Never necessarily feel normal (always at one extreme)-Depressive Symptomso See above-Manic Symptomso Elationo Euphoriao Irritabilityo Hyperactive/Risk-taking Gambling Hyper-sexuality Running mindo Multiple Ideas -Bipolar Braino PET scans show that brain energy consumption rises and falls with manic and depressive episodes Depressed state = little to no brain activity Manic state = a lot of brain activity - Many authors/writers/creative people they were bipolar, and a lot of the work came from the manic stage they were in. Eventually a lot of them committed suicide - Very difficult to keep them on medications they take medicine, they feel good, they think they don’t need it anymore, and then depression comes back- Bipolar Statisticso Identical twins: if one has it, the other has 80% chance of having ito Fraternal twins: if one has it, the other has 12% chanceo Lifetime risk of 1.3% for both genders 10% have rapid cycling bipolar disorder 4 or more
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