PSYC 1101 Exam 3 Study GuideMemory and Emotions1. What is working memory and its typical capacity?Working Memory: short-term memory, only a number of bits we can store at a time (5-9 bits) of info can be stored at a time-Short duration of working memory (20 seconds), what you recall goes down after 20 seconds 2. What is the serial position effect? Primacy effect? Recency effect?Serial Position Effect: What you recall is better for first and last items on a list but poor for middle items-Primacy Effect: Remember the first thing before middle because you rehearse it more and more -Recency Effect: Remember last thing before middle because you are more recently exposed to the items (fresh in your mind) 3. Define and give examples of the following: explicit memory (semantic vs. episodic), implicit memory, and where are they processed in the brain.Explicit Memory: Knowledge you learn over a lifetime, actively encoding random knowledge, refers to facts and experiences that one can consciously know and declare (personal experiences and facts) Semantic Memory: what is the capital of Maine? (FACTS) Episodic Memory: personal experiences Explicit memory is processed through the Hippocampus (neural center in limbic system) Implicit Memory: memory from skill sets we have learned, no need to actively recall (natural response), skill sets are second nature involves learning an action while the individual does not know or declare what he knows (example: dunking a basketball)-Implicit memory is processed in the Cerebellum 4. Who was H.M. and how did his case study contribute to our knowledge of memory?HM: lost his hippocampus in surgery because of seizures and remembered everything before the operation but could not encode any new memory (suffered from Anterograde Amnesia) – HM couldn’t make declarative (explicit) memorybut could form new procedural memories (implicit), HM learned the Tower of Hanoi game after his surgery and each time he plays it, unable to remember that he played before but his reaction time got faster and skill sets got better. This contributed to knowledge that implicit memory is not stored in the Hippocampus but rather in the cerebellum (which was not effected during HM’s surgery) 5. What are semantic networks?Semantic Networks: webs of associations for different networks, memories are held in storage by a web of associations- associations in semantic networks can be linked to another semantic network 6. What is semantic priming?Associations are like anchors that help retrieve memory (ex/ show picture of bunny and ask to spell “hair” would spell “hare” because associated with bunny) 7. Understand the issues regarding memory and eyewitness testimony.Memories are fallible; studies show memories can be implanted in people’s mindthrough suggestion and leading questions -Example: Elizabeth Loftis- put a fake scenario in someone’s head and this exercised the implemented false memory, later asked participants if some of the events occurred in childhood and more confidently say scenario occurred because primed before) -Women raped and accused wrong man because of false memory perception; emotions imprinted the face into her mind and made her not recognize the real face 8. Are memories for traumatic events typically repressed?No, memories fir traumatic events often turn into conditioned fears that turn into phobias. 9. What are the six universally recognized emotions?Anger, fear, disgust, surprise, happiness, and sadness 10. Are we generally good at detecting deception in others? No, studies look at accuracy based on profession, it is 50% guessing, and highest level of accuracy is CIA with 70-75% accuracy 11. Understand how disgust and fear are adaptive responses to ancestral environments.Fear: Fear is evolutionary, has fear of snakes and spiders; most likely comes from ancestors getting bit and was dangerous; it is a learned conditioned responseDisgust: Potential to get us sick or look like an infection is natural more disgusting (associated with germs), our instinct is to keep away from things that could get us sick from our evolutionary past Sleep & Dreams 1. What is an EEG?EEG: Electroencephalograph, used to measure and monitor sleep- bring people into a sleep lab, put electrodes on scalp and see the electrical activity in the brain 2. What are the different sleep stages? What brain wave activation do we see associated with each stage?90 minute intervals, pass through 5 distinct levels of sleep:REM: active brain sleep (Beta Wave Activity) Non-REM: relaxed brain sleep-4 stages: 1+2: fall into deep sleep (drowsiness), 3: deep sleep, 4: deepest sleep 1.) Alpha Wave Activity: when you are about to fall asleep, high amplitude waves (person closes eyes but still awake) 2.) Theta Wave Activity: early/light sleep3+4.) Delta Wave Activity: deepest sleep, brain activity slows down and large amplitude waves -Have 60 minutes non-REM and 30 minutes REM 3. What is REM sleep? REM Sleep: Beta Wave Activity, like awake (aroused state) where vivid dreams occur, with each stage of sleep through the night, duration of REM sleep increases-Pons trigger the onset of REM sleep4. What is REM rebound?REM rebound: Occurs when a person is deprived of REM sleep and then allowed to sleep, shows increase in REM sleep- skip stage 1 and go right into REM sleep 5. How long is a general sleep cycle?90 minutes: 60 minutes of non-REM sleep and 30 minutes of REM sleep 6. What are some of the major theories about why we sleep and dream?Sleep because: without sleep, immune function and concentration detiorates and risk of accidents increase, necessary for cognitive and physical functions -Sleep protects: sleeping in the darkness when predators loom about kept ancestors out of harm’s way -Sleep recuperates: Sleep helps restore and repair brain tissue-Sleep and growth: during sleep, the pituitary gland releases growth hormone and sleeps less -Sleep helps remember: sleep restores and rebuilds our fading memories Dream because: helps to consolidate memories, solve problems, and deal with threats, dreaming helps learn how to do something better (shows improvement) 7. What is the content of the majority of our dreams?Majority is negative connotation: 8 out of 10 is negative contentFailure dreams: dream about failure at school, work, etc…Sexual dreams: 1 in 10 dreams are sex dreams (in men)- 1/6 with partner, 1 in 30for women- 1/5 with partner Stress, Happiness & Well-being1. What is stress?Stress:
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