Psychology Test 1 – prologue, ch.1, ch.4, ch.2, ch.3 (part).AL – dead poets societyBiological psych: dizzy, ANSCognitive (internal) psych: ‘Uncle Walt’Social psych: teacher-student interaction, student responseBehavioral psych: shapingClinical psych: anxiety vs. anxiety disorderPROLOGUEQuestions pg. 1- Psychology = science of behavior and mental processes (pg. 6) – including different levels of consciousness, biological thought, social and cultural influences.- “…long past but only a short history.” (Ebbinghaus)Wilhelm Wundto Leipzig, Germany First psych lab (1879)o Father of modern psycho testing rxn time and introspection (structuralism) rxn to comprehending awareness- Roots in philosophy (nature vs. nurture)John Locke (1632 – 1704)o Born tabula rasa – blank slate (Aristotle, 384 – 322 BC)o ‘[children are] travelers newly arrived in a strange country of which they know nothing.Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712 – 1778)o Nature theorist (Plato, 428 – 348 BC)o Noble savages – relative state of purity, progress paradox (fortunate may in truth be lacking in other aspects and those struggling may silently hold more) / ”Wild Boy of Aveyron”Hippocrates (~460 – 370 BC)o ‘father of medicine’o Mental illness and bodily fluids – chemical imbalances cause illnessesFranz Gall (1758 – 1828)o Phrenology and mental processeso Historical humility – regretful of habits once we understand consequences in hindsightPierre-Paul Broca (1824 – 1880)o Localization of speech in the brainEdward Titchener (1867 – 1927)o Introspection and sensory experienceo Psychology = science of the mindo Structuralism = breaking down consciousness into basic elements – sensation, image, feeling – understand parts to comprehend the fxn and processes of the brain (anatomy)William James (1842 – 1910)o ‘father of American psychology’o Functionalism = assessing the adaptive function of conscious processes – understandingthe brain as a whole, the parts don’t add up to the whole (physiology of brain)- CASE STUDY – aggressive behavioro AD/HD – impulsive, no inhibitionso DSM – II (1968) = hyperactive reaction AL: Historical lenseso Psychoanalytic theorySigmund Freud (1856 – 1939)o Heavy emphasis on childhood experiences and intrapsychic conflicts – nature and childhood relationships/occurrences caused many later behaviors, etco Iceberg metaphor and free association – consciousness is only balanced and held by enormous amounts of unattainable, inexplicable unconsciousness- Behavioral theoryo All behavior represents learned responses to particular environmental stimuliJohn Watson (1878 – 1958)o Psychology exists to predict and control behavior not describe and explain conscious states: behaviorist manifestoo Little Albert – conditioning RE white fuzzy mice; could control behavior (given 12 children, begin shaping behavior)B.F. Skinner (1904 – 1990)o Studied the reactions to behavior (contingences of reinforcement) – how society and acceptance/judgment can shape what people understand as okay/not okay (bully is stood up to by many – he rethinks): products of responsiveness- Genetic and biological theorieso Quantifying genetic and environmental contributions AND pinpointing biological correlates of psychological phenomena Behavioral genetics (twin studies) – lenient toward medical model Doesn’t necessarily give rise to any pertinent treatment, more obvious causes- Cognitive and cognitive-behavioralo Observable behavior influenced by environmental contingencies and mental processes (TBF pyramid) – internal and external influence and influenced by each other (Body and mind as a whole)o Automatic thoughts and cognitive distortions- Broad topics of psychologyo Current perspectives/lenses (pg. 9) – i.e. psycho…dynamic/analytico Diversity of subfields and topics of interest (appendix A)CHAPTER 1 – PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCEBasic issues – how we develop research ideasSelecting research design – how we test ideasStatistics and significance – how we interpret AL: facilitated communication- Nature of treatmento Alternative communication methodso Trained assistants (or facilitators)o Unlocking communicative potential- Experimental investigationo Double blind exposure to picture stimulio Independent variable = same/different pictureso Dependent variable = word typed- Curiosity, skepticism, and humility (pg. 21) Basic issues: theories- What is a theory and why are theories important?- Orderly, integrated wet of statements that describes, explains, and predictso Accounts for existing datao Testable (or falsifiable)o Predictive of new behavioro Driving force behind researcho Parsimony and logical consistency- What is your question- Determining causality – faults: 3rd variables, measures, definition of test…(when asking causality question – use experiment; when asking correlation question – use data showing relatedness).o Change in one variable…associated with change in anothero Temporal association (which comes first?)o Control of third/confounding variables – duration, exposure, history ~ randomization- Selection of measureso Basic psychometric principles – validity, reliability are not coupled Reliability = consistency Validity = measure what intend? Research design – NOT JUST descriptive, correlational, experimental- Umbrella distinctionso Quantitative vs. qualitativeo Correlational vs. experimentalo Cross-sectional vs. longitudinal (CS: fast but different perspective/culture – see cohort effects) (L: one group, so low variability but attrition Ves, representation due to smaller population to enable continuity)o Laboratory vs. naturalistic observations (Lab: control is high) (Nat: external but ecologicalvalidity but low control)- Correlational design (‘r’)o Low manipulation, low controlo Strength = efficiency and low ethical concernso Weakness = low control & no cause-effecto Correlation coefficient (pg. 29-30)- Experimental design – external/ecological validity (useful measures)o Manipulation of independent variable(s)o Random assignmento Strength = cause-effecto Weakness = artificially & experimental effects- AL: designing your own study considering strengths and weaknesses of each design- Specific designs (just sampling)o Survey method (handing out forms; pg. 28-29) – limited by truthfulness Stats and significance- Central tendencyo Mean, median, mode – normal distribution: same value for
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