Personality- Unique to the individual, - It prevails across time and situations. Personality Tests are designed to identify particular personality characteristics. It is studied todiscover the causes of individual differences in behavior. Humoral Theories of personalities (discredited)Based on 4 bodily fluids: Melancholic, phlegmatic, sanguine and choleric.Gordon Allport's traits (Hierarchy of traits)1. Cardinal Traits : Highly dominant trait. E.g. Hitler (oppressive power), Mandela (justice),Mother Teresa (Selflessness), “One in a million”, “One in a lifetime.” 2. Central Traits: Less influential, qualities of a leader: honest, warm strong.3. Secondary Characteristics: A bit of a troublemaker.Raymond Cattell’s TheoryUsing factor analysis, managed to reduce the number traits to 16.Hans Eysenck’s idea about personality1. Extraversion - Introversion2. Neuroticism (emotionally unstable) - Emotionally stable.3. Psychoticism - Self-ControlFreud's Psychoanalytic Theory: Mind consists of 2 major components: conscious (The rules your parents and society have taughtyou) and the unconscious. The unconscious exerts control over our conscious behavior.Psychodynamic Theory: we attempt to reduce the influence of the unconscious.1. ID: occupies the unconscious. It contains the libido, a variety of instincts such as sexualdrive, aggression. It is uncivilized and it is governed by the pleasure principle (immediategratification).2. Ego: It is the part of the consciousness that thinks and integrates behavior. It is governedby the reality principle. It mediates in the conflict between ID and superego (RealityPrinciple). It uses “defense mechanisms” to: (1) Prevent ID from intruding intoconsciousness; (2) Prevent superego from dominating consciousness.3. SuperEgo: Consists of the conscience and the ego-ideal (ideals you strive for). It is indirect conflict with the ID.Defense Mechanisms examples:Rationalization, Repression, Projection, Displacement, Reaction Formation, Regression,Identification. When they fail, it leads to neurosis (or neurotic personality).Relationship between ID and Super-Ego (When each dominates….)- ID: intrusion of ID to consciousness produces ANXIETY.- Superego: domination of consciousness causes feelings of GUILT.- Ego: mobilizes defense mechanisms to reduce anxiety and guilt. (mediates)FixationIt refers to arrested development.Five Stages of Psychosexual Development 1. Oral Stage: (0-1 years of age) Sucking, oral gratification. Unresolved issues laygroundwork for aggressive personality; smoking, excessive eating. 2. Anal Stage: (1-2 years of age) toilet training. Unresolved issues lead to “excessiveneatness”. Rigid personality, authoritarian behavior? Obsessive-Compulsive behavior?3. Phallic Stage: (3-4 years of age) Discovers sexual organs; beginning of “emotional,sexual attachment” to parent of opposite sex. Oedipus Complex (Father is rival, desire tosexually possess mother). Elektra Complex (Gravitates toward father, competes withmother over his attention). Resolution (Identification with same sex parent). 4. Latent Stage: (6-11 years), quiet period from a psychosexual standpoint. 5. Genital Stage : (12- adolescent years), contact with opposite sex. Skinner: Personality as a behavioral process (StimulusResponse Relations)Environment acts on the individual to produce behavior. B.F. Skinner (you receive rewards forcertain behaviors and punishment for other behaviors) Conditioning. You behave consistent fromone situation to the next if the contingency is positive. Children acquire social behaviors byobservation, not just imitating the parents.Bandura: Social Cognitive Theory (Social Learning)Consequences of behavior and individual’s belief about these consequences determinepersonality. Reciprocal Determinism : Behavior, environment and cognitive factors determinepersonality.Self-Efficacy: Knowing how to act in a given situation (and be successful). Understand thecontingencies and how to elicit them.Observational learning is the basis of Bandura’s theory. It means to learn through observationof the consequences that others (who are called models) experience as a result of their behaviors.Walter Mischel “Personality mostly emerges in situations rather than coming from the genes”. Personality isconsistent from situation to situation. Situationism: Traits are revealed by situations in which we find ourselves.Humanistic Psychology:Emphasis on personal growth, life satisfaction, positive human values, self-actualization.Carl Rogers: Person Centered Theory (How well a person fells will determine how much they appreciate themselves and areappreciated by others. Level of happiness) Freedom and potential for personal growth; incongruence, congruence; conditional/unconditionalacceptance. Maslow's Theory of Self-ActualizationThere is a hierarchy of needs, it starts with physiological needs. “you can only grow personallyif you fulfill all of ones needs”From top to bottom (lower the greater) 1. Self-Actualization : Personal growth and fulfillment.2. Esteem Needs : achievement, status, responsibility, reputation.3. Belongingness and Love Needs : Family, affection, relationships, work group, etc.4. Safety Needs : Protection, security, order, law, limits, stability, etc.5. Biological and Physiological needs: Basic life needs (air, food, drink, shelter, warmth,sex, sleep, etc)Medical Model Abnormal behavior seen as a disease.- Advantages: More civilized approach to abnormal behavior which means: humane treatment, diagnosis (Distinguishes one illness from the other), etiology (Apparent cause and developmental history of illness), prognosis (Forecast about probable course of illness). - Disadvantages: Labeling, pseudo-explanations, patient role.Criteria abnormal behavior 1. Deviation : behavior deviates from what society considers acceptable. (E.g. Transvestism, where man achieves sexual arousal by dressing in woman’s clothing)2. Maladaptive Behavior: Everyday adaptive behavior is impaired (substance abuse). 3. Personal Distress: Depression, individual’s self-reportStereotypes of psychological disorder Seen as a sign of weakness; incurable; causes violent and aggressive behavior.DSM-IV TRDiagnostic and Statistical Manual
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