Psychology Chapter 8 Cognition o Logic o Premises o Algorithm o Reasoning o Rules of Logic If then statements The process of following a set of A systematic procedure that cannot fail to produce a correct solution o Formal Reasoning Logical Reasoning The process by which people generate and evaluate arguments and a set of statements in which the rules of logic provide a system for Sets of statements that provide a formula for drawing valid conclusions reach conclusions about them rigorous procedures for reaching valid conclusions to a problem if a solution exists about the world drawing correct conclusions Ex If two angles are right angles then those two angles are congruent o Syllogism Logical arguments that contain two or more premises and a conclusion Ex Premise 1 This class is open only to seniors Premise 2 I am not a senior Conclusion I cannot take this class Premise 1 I have a driver s permit Premise 2 I am sixteen Conclusion I cannot drive consistent with our existing beliefs The tendency to pay more attention to evidence in support of one s hypothesis than to evidence that refutes that hypothesis Ex All honors students are hard workers of action on the basis of the believability of evidence Ex Looking for your missing watch in places you might have had it last rather than every room in your house A timesaving mental shortcut used in reasoning The process of evaluating a conclusion theory or course A tendency to seek evidence and reach conclusions that are o Informal Reasoning o Conformation Bias o Heuristics Anchoring Heuristic Anchoring Bias basing judgments on existing information whether something belongs in a given class on the bias of its similarity to other members of that class A mental shortcut that involves judging A mental shortcut that involves Representative Heuristic Availability Heuristic on information that is most easily brought to mind A mental shortcut in which judgments are based o Analogies o Mental Sets o Working Backward o Means End Analysis o Multiple Hypothesis Having more than one hypothesis at a time to solve a You continually check on where you are in relations to The tendency for old patterns of problem solving to persist even similarities between a problem you are facing today and others you your final goal and then decide on the means by which you can get one step closer to it Rather than trying to solve the problem all at once you identify a sub goal that will take you toward a solution this process is referred to as decomposition is based on the notion that many problems are like a tree the trunk is the information you are given and the solution is a twig on one of the limbs have encountered before problem or draw conclusions when they might not be the best ones available ways that may prevent using them in other ways one s existing beliefs or theories imitate the products of human perception understanding and thought variety of symbol systems in our everyday lives We use language we read we use pictures and we understand computer programs We are not born with this ability Ex When buying items online you may be shown asset of distorted odd looking letters and numbers and then asked to type them into a box to make sure you are human the tendency to interpret new evidence as confirmation of A tendency to think about familiar objects in familiar the ability to understand and use symbols We have a The Field that studies how to program computers to o Artificial Intelligence o Symbolic Reasoning o Functional Fixedness o Conformation Bias
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