INR2002 Intro to IR Review Sheet for Exam 1 1 What are the three main traditional approaches to studying world politics What do they focus on and what assumptions do they make about the world A Realism Classical Neo Structural can t rely on anyone else to help you even with treaty self help system preoccupation with security and power conflict likely cooperation rare states are dominant actors international institutions are anarchic international politics are primarily about bargaining B Liberalism Liberal Institutionalism Idealism C Constructivism focus on why states have the different interests they do not all states have the same interests cooperation is possible even frequent many types of actors are important wealth is a common goal for actors conflict occurs when actors fail to recognize act on common interests the world is what we make it and we can t study it because it s happening anarchy is what states make of it Many types of actors are important Actors choices reflect norm behavior rather than interests Interests are influenced by culture identity and prevailing ideas 2 What are interests interactions and institutions and why do we care about them A Interests goals the actors hope to achieve through political action Actors sovereign states domestic groups within states international organizations transnational groups Individuals What are their preferences Type of preferences security money etc Where preferences come from Order of preference Intensity of preference B Interactions ways in which the choices of two or more actor combine to produce political outcomes Coordination vs Bargaining C Institution set of rules that structure interactions in specific ways Formal organizations Often intend to improve coordination Set standards of behavior Verify compliance Set procedures for enforcement Set joint decision making procedures Conflict resolution process Establish iteration and linkage possibilities Bargaining over institutional form Why do states comply with institutions i ii iii iv v vi i ii value of cooperation created by institution outweighs the cost of disadvantageous bargain institutions are already in place and cheaper to use rather than creating a brand new institution that better reflects their interests 3 How has the structure of world politics changed over time How did the level of cooperation and conflict change over time A IR as wars of secession and succession multiple people claim to be the king In medieval Europe politics were complicated due to multiple titles within one person He s the King of England AND Duke of France and marital ties etc B The transformative events of the 16th century Age of Exploration ships were invented and people left Europe to explore other continents opened up IR on a bigger scale European explorers were followed by European corporations and militaries Protestant Reformation Martin Luther broke from Catholic church started Protestant church i ii iii i i i C IR as wars of religion and colonialism and economics of colonialism Mercantilism Exports good imports bad and the economics of empire valued mother country over colonies or competitors colonies were developed to sell stuff to England so they didn t have to buy from anyone else also could only buy goods from England Conflict in Europe and around the world war of Jenkins Ear 16th century The Thirty Years War protestant leaders vs roman catholic leaders i ii Peace of Westphalia leader of a country could choose religion and no outside force could not tell them otherwise Sovereignty sovereign countries state and the modern state system a defined borders b a population within those borders c authority within the borders d Weber veber monopoly on the legitimate use of violence e within the borders f recognized as a state by other states Rise and fall of Spain rise of Britain and France French Revolution and the rise of the modern nation state government entity representing a people i ii Nation people ethnic nations e g France shared history civic nations e g America shared vision State government D Pax Brittanica Britain as preeminent economic and military power was able to largely maintain peace i Industrial Revolution Britain was 1st they had more stuff military stuff clothing etc Factories were productive people left farms for cities also had to import food because only a small population was growing food domestically Navy HUGE protected the motherland and colonial possessions very rich could draw manpower from colonies ii iii Economics of Pax Brittanica i ii British pushed free trade over mercantilism Free Trade agreements w other countries Gold Standard and stable international economic order Concert of Europe Balance of Power with Britain as Balancer i i ii iii Economic development in U S and Japan ya yeet every country agreeing that war would be costly Decline of Ottoman Empire rise and stagnation of Russian Empire The creation of Germany and Italy major players in 20th century E The World Wars World War I i Changing balance of power tied to rigid alliance system a Central powers Germany Austria Hungary Bulgaria and Turkey Allies France Britain and Russia b c national discontent ii iii German is actually a competitor w Britain nobody knew about alliances secret alliances iv v vi iii iv weirdness of the Balkans trying to divide the territory Serbia v Austria Hungary Serbian nationalists kill A H s Crown Prince AH wants to attack Serbia but Russia has Serbia s back nobody is backing down because of their strong allies war begins Defensive war decided by late U S entry Lafayette I am here Russian Revolution and the creation of the Soviet Union Interwar years i ii iii iv v crappy job of forming nation states Yugoslavia Czechoslovakia Poland etc Break up of Ottoman and Austro Hungarian Empires thanks Woodrow Wilson Treaty of Versailles and reparations from Germany thanks Woodrow Wilson League of Nations thanks again Woodrow Wilson The Great Depression and the turn away from economic openness World War II i ii iii German aggression and Japan s search for autarchy Victorious alliance of U S U K Soviet Union U S and Soviets emerge from war as clear superpowers old power system forever ended F Cold War World divided between capitalist democratic West U S and communist East Soviet Union Role of nuclear weapons Superpower crises and proxy wars Decolonization and the rise of the Third World The end of the Cold War China Globalization Increase in regional conflicts civil conflicts
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