CH 5 War and Peace VOCABULARY ALLIANCES institutions that help their members cooperate militarily in the event of a war BALANCE OF POWER a situation in which the military capabilities of two states or groups of states are roughly equal BANDWAGONING a strategy in which states join forces with the stronger side in a conflict LEAGUE OF NATIONS a collective security organization founded in 1919 after WWI The League ended in 1946 and was replaced by the United Nations UNITED NATIONS a collective security organization founded in 1945 after WWII With over 190 members the UN includes all recognized states COLLECTIVE SECURITY ORGANIZATION broad based institutions that promote peace and security among their members Examples include the League of Nations and the UN GENOCIDE intentional and systematic killing aimed at eliminating an identifiable group of people such as an ethnic or religious group HUMANITARIAN INTERVENTIONS interventions designed to relieve humanitarian crises stemming from civil conflicts or large scale human right abuses SECURITY COUNCIL the main governing body of the UN which has the authority to identify threats to international peace and security and to prescribe the organization s response including military and or economic sanctions PERMANENT FIVE the five permanent members of the UN Security Council the United States Great Britain France Russia and China VETO POWER the ability to prevent the passage of a measure through unilateral act such as a single negative vote PEACE ENFORCEMENT OPERATION a military operation in which force is used to make and or enforce peace among warring parties that have not agreed to end their fighting PEACEKEEPING OPERATION an operation in which troops and observers are deployed to monitor a ceasefire of peace agreement I Alliances They re a commitment to security cooperation o Alliances are also a type of institution Type of alliances o Bi lateral two countries o Multi lateral more than one o Asymmetric one stronger state o Symmetric states of equal power o Some are defensive in nature o Others are offensive Meant to stop attack Targeted only at a specific country Intended to promote peace Meant to collaborate before hand Have ambition to attack Highly coordinate with aggression Why make them o Alliances are costly take time and effort to make specific altercations to construct So they signal credibility to willing to help if ally is o Form when states have a common interest o Weaker states form with others to have protection and balance out the strength of the other state Ex Cold War W Europe lines themselves with a strong attacked state US But what does the stronger state get out of this More influence and autonomy to form the country policies the way they want o Balancing and Bandwagoning We shouldn t have bandwagoning states join the stronger side in a conflict to share gains we should have balance of power There s more bandwagoning though If other states are more like US with ideologies we don t worry about balancing it Alliances Credibility and Deterrence o Alliance can fail if ally just backs away cheap talk Germany had reason to doubt alliance of Britain to Poland because they hadn t done anything to stop him from his unjust stuff Germany doubted Britain s credibility o Establish credibility of alliance Increase benefits and decrease cost of war do this by showing effectiveness to work together Increase cost of abandonment make alliance public Example US promised to defend W Europe during Cold War NATO made the alliance credible by stationing troops in W Berlin Why are alliances not ironclad o Ironclad alliance guarantees that effectively deter challenges to the weaker party also enhance the risk hat the weaker party will demand more of the target or become reckless State avoids entrapment by limiting their commitments or leaving those commitments purposely ambiguous This then involves a credible entrapment trade off Because by not being ironclad it shows lack of credibility but also provides State A to be protected from recklessness by State B Example Taiwan claiming independence means US may not protect them from China o Opposite of this Germany s blank check to Austria Hungary 1914 Resulting in reckless behavior of Austria Hungary involving Serbia War in the international system The success failures of alliances in Europe o Pre WWI 1870 1907 Multiple great powers not one dominant Multiple alliance bringing together these countries WWI WWII caused by bargaining problems being promoting peace present Credible commitment Shift of power Information problems about expectations Higher cost of war because of nuclear weapon increasing bargaining range which increases peace Alliance Triple Alliance Germany Austria Hungary Italy Triple Entente Britain France Russia o Cold War 1945 1990 No shift in power Creation of NATO in 1949 US W Germany and W Europe Creation of Warsaw Pact in 1955 E Germany Soviet Union and E Europe Unlike pre 1914 one state dominated each alliance group Warsaw and NATO were highly institutionalized II Collective Action Security Organizations Near universal institutions intended to deter challenged to the status quo Dilemmas of collective security o Collective Action Problem Free riding problems because collective security organizations depend on members to provide troops and military equipment Its also a public good o Joint Decision Making There s a mix of interest that members have So have to come to an agreement on what counts as aggression Example US and Soviet Union have the same preferences which lead to these issues o Collective security works when Either all states are satisfied with status quo All members of security council that have a veto P5 agree One country is willing to share a disproportionate cost What can be done about CAP and joint decision making problems o Small number of actors reduce CAP Why the UN had the P5 5 people are more likely to agree over 150 people III United Nations Chapter VII of the UN charter o Only chapter VII security council resolutions are binding and punishable 5 member of security council have to agree so there cant be a resolution against the USA They re authorized peacekeeping operations Peace enforcement Peacekeeping o Cold War paralysis o UN Security Council resolutions Post Cold War Security Council couldn t agree on when force and sanctions should be used against a particular country Security Council resolutions approved after the cold war Vetoed resolutions went down
View Full Document
Unlocking...