ANTH 1013 Introduction to Biological Anthropology Exam 1 Study Guide Remember this is a guide it is not comprehensive You should refer to your notes and text when reviewing this information making sure you understand how these terms and concepts are related to one another Simply memorizing terms will not be sufficient Exam 1 covers material from the following lectures Cell Biology Introduction to Course History of Evolutionary Thought and Mendelian Inheritance DNA and Protein Synthesis Human Biological Variation Evolutionary Synthesis Microevolution Evolutionary Synthesis Macroevolution Content to study for Exam 1 Define each of the subfields of anthropology Define biological anthropology and discuss the fields that make up and contribute to biological anthropology Describe the goals of science as a discipline and the steps of the scientific method Understand and define what a hypothesis is and what makes a hypothesis good What is the difference between a hypothesis and a theory law Describe the contributions of the following people o Aristotle o Copernicus o Plato o Carolus Linnaeus o Archbishop James Ussher o Mary Anning o Georges Cuvier o Jean Baptiste Lamarck o Thomas Malthus o Charles Lyell o Charles Darwin o Alfred Russel Wallace o Antonie van Leeuwenhoek o Johan Gregor Mendel o Hugo de Vries o Carl Corens o Erich von Tschermak o Rosalind Franklin o James Watson o Francis Crick Understand and define the following o Scala natura Great Chain of Being 1 o Geocentrism o Teleology o Argument from design o Essentialism o Fixity of species o Systema Naturae Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species Binomial nomenclature o Heliocentrism o Catastrophism o Theory of the Inheritance of Acquired Characteristics o Uniformitarianism o HMS Beagle o Biogeography o On the Origin of Species o Natural Selection o Fitness o Artificial Selection o Homunculus theory Preformationism o Blending Inheritance o Mendel s Law of Segregation o Mendel s Law of Independent Assortment o Phenotype o Genotype o Allele o Homozygous o Heterozygous o Recessive o Dominant o Punnett square o Locus o Monohybrid Cross o Dihybrid Cross o Albinism o Achondroplastic dwarfism o Brachydactyly o Modern Evolutionary synthesis o Prokaryotic cell o Eukaryotic cell o Chromsomes o Mitochondria o Mitochondrial DNA o Nuclear DNA o Human karyotype o Number of chromosomes in a human o Homologous chromosomes 2 o Autosome vs sex chromosome o Somatic cells o Gametic cells o Diploid vs haploid o Mitosis o Meiosis o Crossing over recombination o Non disjunction o DNA o Nucleotide o Nucleotide bases o Amino acid o Protein o Protein synthesis o Codon o RNA o mRNA o ribosome o tRNA o Transcription o Translation o Exon o Intron o Mutation o Point mutation o Insertion mutation o Deletion mutation o Allele frequency o Gene pool o Evolution o Mechanisms of evolution Mutation Natural Selection Directional selection Stabilizing selection Sexual selection Gene Flow Genetic Drift Genetic bottleneck Founder effect o Hardy Weinberg Equilibrium o Microevolution vs Macroevolution o Species o Population o Subspecies o Speciation 3 o Biological species concept Pre mating isolating mechanisms Post mating isolation mechanisms o Allopatric speciation o Peripatric speciation o Hybrid zone o Tempo of evolution Gradualism Punctuated equilibrium o Branching patterns of speciation Cladogenesis Anagenesis o Extinction o Evolutionary species concept o Biological evolution o Biocultural evolution o Acclimation o Acclimatization o Latitudinal gradient in skin color o Elevational gradient in skin color o Allen s Rule o Bergmann s Rule o Cline clinal distribution Discuss the critical observations and conclusions that Darwin made in his argument for Natural Selection You should be able to o solve for the gametes an individual can produce hint use Mendel s Laws of Segregation and Independent Assortment o solve a Punnett square The most complicated case that you would be given is an individual that is heterozygous for two genes for example an individual with the genotype Aa Bb The most complicated case that you would be given is a cross of two individuals that are heterozygous for two genes for example Aa Bb Aa Bb Make sure that you can calculate the expected phenotype and genotype frequencies for the offspring of such a cross You should also know o the 4 bases of DNA o the DNA base pairing rules o the ways in which RNA and DNA differ One is single stranded and one is not Which one One contains the bases adenine guanine cytosine and thymine Which one One contains the bases adenine guanine cytosine and uracil Which one One is found in the nucleus while the other is found in both the nucleus and the cytoplasm Which one Differentiate between mitosis and meiosis the steps involved in each the products and the cell types that undergo each type of cellular division Explain Mendel s Laws of Inheritance and how they apply to forming gametes during meiosis Make sure that you can link cellular division to the production of a Punnett Square That is apply your understanding of modern cellular biology to the derivation of Mendel s Laws of inheritance which were developed in ignorance of a knowledge of either meiosis or mitosis 4 Explain the biological basis for skin color variation in humans 5