ANTH 1013 1st EditionExam # 2 Study Guide Lectures: 9 - 15Lecture 9 (February 19th)Osteology and Bone Growth• Anatomical Planeso Sagittal- divides body into left and right sides o Transverse- divides body into superior (above) and inferior (below) o Coronal- divides body into anterior (front) and posterior (back) • Directional Termso Medial/Lateral- middle and sides o Anterior/Posterior- front and back o Ventral/Dorsal- belly and back o Superior/Inferior- top and bottom o Proximal/Distal- closest to and farthest away • Bones and Joints o Compact boneo Spongy bone o Bone shapes▪ Long bones- long thin, have a shaft and articular surfaces at either end ( femur, humerus, tibia, metacarpals) ▪ Short bones- smaller than long bones, usually cube shaped (carpal-wrist- and tarsal-ankle-)▪ Flat bones- thin, flat surfaces, no marrow cavity, but do have spongy bonebetween two layers of cortical bone (many bones of skull, sternum) ▪ Irregular bones- bones with complex shapes, notched or with ridges (vertebrae, mandible) ▪ Sesamoid bones- bones that form inside a muscle tendon (patella) o Non-synovial joints▪ very little movement.▪ bones linked via fibrous connective tissue or cartilage ▪ examples • sutures (between cranial bones)• symphyses (pubic symphysis, intervertebral discs) o Synovial joints▪ mobile joints ▪ enclosed by joint capsule and contain fluid▪ examples• knee• shoulder• hipo Joint shapes- the shape of the bones in a synovial joint determine the motion allowed at joint ▪ Hinge joint• flexion and extension only (elbow)▪ Pivot joint• rotation only ( atlanto-axial joint)▪ Condylar joint• movement around two axes (flex/extend, abduct/adduct) (Wrist)• saddle joint can be considered a special type of condylar joint (thumb)▪ Planar joint (gliding)• limited movement around multiple axes (joints between tarsals)▪ Ball and socket joint• movement around multiple axes (joints between tarsals) • Name the bones, features, and sutures of the skullo Development of the skull:▪ Anterior fontanelle- largest fontanelle, placed at the junction of the sagittal suture, coronal suture, and frontal suture, lozenge shaped.• allows the skull to deform during birth to ease its passage through the birth canal and for expansion of the brain after birth• soft spot in the front of the skull ▪ Posterior fontanelle- gap between bones in the human skull, triangular in form and situated at the junction of the sagittal suture and lambdoidal suture. • generally closes in 6-8 weeks from birth• delay in closure is associated with congenital hypothyroidism • soft spot in the back of the head ▪ Cranial synostosis- sutures fuse to early, does not allow brain to grow, which leads to complications • at birth the brain is 25% adult size, 6 months 50%, 2 1/2 years 75%, 5 year 90%, 10 years 99%• Teeth- maxillary vs. mandibularo Incisor▪ front teeth ▪ 2 by quadranto Canine▪ sharp ones by incisors ▪ 1 by quadranto Premolar▪ after canine before molars ▪ 2 by quadrant adult onlyo Molar▪ back teeth ▪ deciduous= 2, permanent=3 by quadrant• M1=6 years• M2=12 years • M3=18 yearso Know how to calculate and correctly write a dental formula▪ upper/lower 2:1:2:3/2:1:2:3o Know the typical eruption times of the permanent molars▪ 12 years • Muscles of mastication- chewing o Temporalis muscle- side of foreheado Masseter muscle- side of jaw • Name the bones in the axial skeletono central part of the skeleton ▪ vertebrae, ribs, sacrum, sternum • Name the bones in the appendicular skeleton- limbso upper extremity (forelimb)▪ scapula, humerus, ulna, radius, all hand bones o lower extremity (hindlimb)▪ pelvis, femur, patella, tibia, fibula, all foot bones • The Spinal Columno functions to:▪ support and move head▪ transmit and protect spinal cord▪ support thorax and abdomen▪ transmit weight to lower limbs ▪ provide framework for lower extremity o composed of five type of vertebrae▪ Cervical (7)- smallest size, form neck▪ Thoracic (12)- intermediate in sized, articulate with ribs▪ Lumbar (5)- that form lower back, largest vertebrae▪ Sacral (5)- vertebrae that fuse together during adolescence, articulate with os coxa▪ Coccygeal (3-4)- “tail bones” fused together • The Thorax o Thoracic vertebrae, ribs, sternum, costal cartilage • Costovertebral Joints o typical rib articulates with:▪ vertebral bodies, transverse process, costal cartilage • The Hando distal to forearm and wrist o Digits numbered 1-5 from lateral to medial ▪ thumb= digit 1 ▪ little finger=digit 5 o bones▪ carpals (8)- wirst▪ metacarpals (5) - palm of hand ▪ phalanges (14) - fingers • Pelviso pelvis vs. os coxa, innominate o develops as three bones▪ ilium▪ pubis▪ ischium o pelvic girdle also includes sacrum o Sex differences in the pelvis▪ females• ilium more flared • pelvic inlet circular• wider sub- pubic angle▪ males• ilium more upright• heart shaped pelvic inlet • acute sub-pubic angle • Footo composed of tarsals, metatarsals and phalanges o digits numbered 1-5 from medial to lateral ▪ big toe=digit 1▪ little toe = digit 5 o bones▪ tarsals (7) -ankle▪ metatarsals (5)- sole of foot▪ phalanges (14)- toes ▪ tibia is on top of talus▪ calcaneus is our heal bone • Bone growth and developmento Epiphysis-head▪ articular cartilage ▪ cancellous bone▪ epiphyseal plateo Diaphysis- shaft ▪ marrow cavity▪ periosteum▪ compact boneo Epiphyseal plate (growth plate)o Epiphyseal fusion most intense between 15-23 years o fusion varies by individual, sex, and population ▪ fusion begins earlier in females than in malesLecture 10 (February 24th)Introduction to Primates and Taxonomy• Phylogeny reconstructiono inferring the evolutionary relationships among organisms • Classificationo organizing and naming taxa• Compare and contrast phenetic vs. cladistics systems for classifying organisms o phenetics ▪ classifies species based on overall similarity ▪ not concerned with phylogeny ▪ earliest approach, now less common o cladistics▪ classifies species based on phylogeny only▪ developed in the 1960s and now dominant • Pheneticso Carolus Linnaeus▪ father of taxonomy and systematics▪ catalogued nature▪ developed the Systema Naturae o Systema Naturae▪ Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species ▪ relationsips are nested as you move up the