ANTH 1013 1st EditionExam# 1 Study Guide Lectures: 1 - 8Lecture 1 (September 7)- Four subfields of anthropology: cultural, archaeology, linguistic, biological- Biological Anthropology: the study of human biology with an evolutionary frameworko Draws from biomechanics, genetics, skeletal biology, primatology, paleoanthropology, forensics- Science goals: o Seeks natural causal explanations for observable phenomenao Searches for observable regularityo Relies on empirical observation by independent observerso Requires that proposed explanations be falsifiableo Claims are always provisional- Scientific method steps:o Observationo Hypothesis: provisional explanation of a phenomenon – require falsification through testing To determine if it is “good,” we must establish what could prove it wrongo Test- Hypotheses require rigorous testing via multiple independent observers, while theories or laws are hypothesis that are supported so well that we have very high confidence in themLecture 2 (September 7)- Aristotle: o Great chain of beingo Believed in geocentrismo Believed in teleology- Scala natura (Great Chain of Being): the hierarchal order of organisms- Geocentrism: Earth is at the center of the solar system- Teleology: argument for existence of intelligent creator based on perceived element of deliberate designo Argument for design: everything created by a God for an unknown reason- Plato: essentialism- Essentialism: a belief that things have a set of unchanging characteristics that make them what they are; variation among things is just an unimportant deviation from the “essence”- Carolus Linnaeus:o Father of taxonomy; cataloged lifeo Made systema naturae- Fixity of Species: the belief that all species are created perfectly, no change is possible- Systema Naturae: binomial nomenclature: 2 names (genus + species); catalogue of life- Hierarchical levels: kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species- Archbishop James Usser: sued the bible to calculate the age of the earth (about 6,000 years old)- Nicolas Copernicus: believed in heliocentric universe- Heliocentrism: sun is at the center of the universe- Mary Anning:o First to identify that coprolites were fossilized feceso Did nor receive much credit for her discoveries because she was female- Georges Cuvier: o Considered to be the father of paleontologyo Established that extinction is a facto Still believed in fixation of specieso Believed in catastrophism- Catastrophism: catastrophes caused extinctions and new creations occur- Jean-Baptiste Lamarck:o Father of the term “biology”o Proposed theory of the inheritance of acquired characteristics- Theory of the Inheritance of Acquired Characteristics: a trait acquired by an animal during its lifetime can be passed on (i.e. giraffes acquiring long necks- Thomas Malthus: Principle of population (will be a crisis point where the population will exceed the about of food available)- Charles Lyello Father of geologyo Argued in favor of uniformitarianism- Uniformitarianism: Earth’s features are the result of processes that continue to operate in the present just like the pastLecture 3 (September 7)- Charles Darwino “gentleman amateur naturalist” on HMS Beagleo Grew up in successful familyo Published Origin of Species- HMS Beagle:o Observed similarities of fossils from S. America to similar species living todayo Observed sea shells far inland and inferred that rock beds below the sea were elevated to form mountains- Alfred Russel Wallace:o Field biologist in Indonesiao Father of biogeographyo Joint Darwin-Wallace presentation given before the Linnean Society of London announcing both theories in 1858- Biogeography: how life is organized geographically- Origin of Species: Darwin’s booko Let the strongest live and the weakest dieo Presented idea of extinction, but with common ancestors- Natural Selection: differential survival and reproductive success; survival of the fittest; how populations adapt to their environments- Fitness: ability to compete for resources, and thus, survive- Artificial Selection: humans artificially shaping certain animals’ breeds- Antonie van Leeuwenhoek: o Father of microbiologyo Discovered spermo Proposed homunculus theory- Homunculus Theory (Preformationism): inside every sperm is a tiny human- Blending inheritance: a form of inheritance in which the features of offspring are the average of those seen in our parents – incorrect (all siblings are not identical)- Johan Gregor Mendelo Augustinian monko Experiments: Garden peas: seen variation First/second generation cross Law of segregation- Mendel’s Law of Segregation: particles, or genes, do not blendo Both parents contribute hereditary material equally to the offspringo Each copy segregates into a different sex cell (gamete)- Phenotype: the observable expression of the genotype- Genotype: the genetic makeup of an individual- Allele: alternate forms of a gene- Homozygous: the same allele at a single locus- Heterozygous: two different alleles at a single locus- Recessive: an allele that isn’t expressed in a heterozygote- Dominant: an allele that prevents the expression of a recessive allele in a heterozygoteLecture 4 (September 7)- Mendel’s Law of Independent Assortment: each trait sorts independently; alleles of one gene do not influence what happens with alleles from other genes- Punnet square: used to determine the genotypes of 2 parents- Locus: specific position and location of a gene- Monohybrid Cross: mating between individuals who have different alleles at one genetic locus of interest.- Dihybrid Cross: mating between individuals who have different alleles at two different genetic locus of interest.- Albinism: recessive gene- Achondraplastic dwarfism: dominant gene- Brachydactyly: (club thumb) dominant gene- Hugo de Vries, Carl Corens, Erich von Tschermak: o Rediscovered Mendel’s work in 1900 o Integrated his and Darwin’s works and created the modern evolutionary synthesis- Modern Evolutionary synthesis: integration of Mendel’s and Darwin’s theories - Prokaryotic cell: o Unicellular organismso No nucleuso DNA is circular- Eukaryotic cell: o Contains nucleus and organelleso Found in multicellular organismso DNA organized into chromosomes- Mitochondria:o Organelle inside a eukaryotic cello Generates most of the cells energyo Contains separate type of DNAo Mitohcondrial DNA (mtDNA) is in circular form- Chromosomes: package of DNA of a moleculeo Humans have 23