ANTH 1013 1st Edition Lecture 2Outline of Last Lecture I. What is biological anthropology?II. Subfields of anthropologyIII. Science as a way of knowingOutline of Current Lecture I. Evolutionary theoryII. How do we explain the diversity of life on earth?III. Early attempts at ordering the worldIV. Fixity of SpeciesV. Organizing the diversity of lifeVI. How old is the earth?VII. Making sense of fossilsCurrent LectureI. Evolutionary theoryi. Scientific framework – has been a theory for over 150 yearsa. Not a belief system, is often (mis)portrayed in the media as linearb. Problematic because we think of the common picture ii. Evolution: change over timea. Difficult to observe1. Example: Darwin’s Finches, Peppered moths, antibiotic-resistant bacteriaII. How do we explain the diversity of life on earth?i. We group them based on similaritiesa. Features of organisms are suited to their jobb. Based on a hierarchical patternc. Because populations of organisms form lineages that evolve (descent with modification) and lineages split into multiple daughter speciesIII. Early attempts at ordering the worldi. Aristotle (4th century BC) – Created the great chain of being (hierarchal order of organisms) ii. Believed in the Ptolemaic World – AKA geocentrism: Earth is the center of the solar systemThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.iii. Design is evident throughout the universe. The world is in perfect harmony and extinction is impossible – structures are engineered to meet their intended purposea. Teleology: argument for existence of intelligent creator based on perceived evidence of deliberate design (argument for design)IV. Fixity of Speciesi. Plato’s essentialism – variation is unimportant, with an emphasis on constancy and discontinuitya. All species created perfectly, no change is possibleb. Essentialism: a belief that things have a set of unchanging characteristics that make them what they are; variation among things is just as unimportantdeviation from the “essence”ii. Prior to the 1830’s, most naturalist professed the following essentialist beliefs:a. Species are composed of similar individuals sharing the same essenceb. Species are separated from one another by well-defined discontinuitiesc. Species are constant through timed. There are stringent limitations to the possible variation of any one speciesV. Organizing the diversity of lifei. Carolus Linnaeus (1707-1778)a. Father of taxonomy and systematics, cataloged life – made the SystemaNaturae (system of nature)1. Defined mammals2. Had hierarchical levelsa. Kingdomb. Phylumc. Classd. Ordere. Familyf. Genusg. Speciesb. SystemaNaturae1. Binomial nomenclature: 2 names (For example: homosapiens = homo+sapiens)a. (Genus + species)VI. How old is the earth?i. Archbishop James Ussher (1581-1656) used the bible to calculate the age of the Eartha. Created October 23, 4004 BC – 6000 years oldii. Nicolas Copernicus (1473-1543) – The earth revolves around the sun (heliocentric universe)a. Paradigm shif: the world is offended, there is a whole new reason for the worldVII. Making sense of fossilsi. Mary Anning (1799-1847)a. First to identify that coprolites were fossilized feces – she did not receive much credit for her discoveries because she was female.ii. Georges Cuvier (1769-1832)a. Considered to be the father of paleontology and comparative anatomyb. Established that extinction is a fact – still believed in fixation of speciesc. Believed in catastrophism: catastrophes caused extinctions and new creations occuriii. Jean-Baptiste Lamarck (1744-1829)a. Advocated that evolution occurred with natural lawsb. Father of the term “biology”c. Proposed the theory of the inheritance of acquired characteristics: a trait acquired by an animal during its lifetime can be passed on (i.e. giraffes acquiring long necks) iv. Thomas Malthus (1766-1834)a. Principle of population: there will be a crisis point where the population willexceed the amount of food availableb. Variation + increasing populationv. Charles Lyell (1797-1875)a. Father of geologyb. Argued in favor of Uniformitarianism: Earth’s features are the result of processes that continue to operate in the present just like the pastvi. Charles Darwin (1809-1882)a. Went on the voyage of the beagle: collected living animals for study in England, assessed similarities of