Anth 1013 1st Edition Lecture 23 Outline of Last Lecture I. GeographyII. Modern Homo SapiensIII. Earliest H. SapiensIV. Modern human origins: genetic approachesOutline of Current Lecture I. DNAII. Behavioral ModernityIII. The peopling of the worldCurrent LectureI. DNAi. Ancient Nuclear DNAa. The door on the multiregional hypothesis, which predicts gene flow between Neanderthals and modern humans, was shutting1. Then Svante Paabo isolated an entire Neanderthal nuclear genome2. Early reports suggested something similar to the mtDNA, and a long separation between Neanderthals and modern humans3. When the full draft was published, there were a few surprisesb. Paabo’s team concluded:1. 1-4% of the genome of non-African humans came from Neanderthals. 2. This interbreeding occurred before the ancestors of Europeans and Asians split3. The interbreeding occurred before 60,000 years agoc. More detail:1. Scenario 1 is not supported, Neandertals are equally distantly related to all non-Africans2. Scenario 2 implies gene flow in common ancestor of Europeans and Asians splitii. What does this mean for Neanderthal Extinction?a. Some interpret this to mean that Neanderthals were genetically swamped by modern human DNAb. But this doesn’t quite fitThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.1. Paabo and his team suggest that the interbreeding occurred 60-100kya in the near/middle east2. But, Neanderthals hang on with distinct anatomy and Mousterian tools until 30 kya3. If they were swamped, then Europeans should have more Neanderthal DNA than other populations, but they don’tiii. Out of Africaa. Modern humans spread throughout Europe beginning around 45 kyab. At the most, Neanderthals contributed very little to the modern human genepool1. Where’s the Neanderthal mtDNA?2. The Out of Africa model is 96-99% truec. If AMHS and Neanderthals overlapped for 15k years, why did modern humans ultimately persist and Neanderthals go extinct?1. Was there a behavioral difference?II. Behavioral Modernityi. Anatomical modernity is easy to recognize, behavioral modernity is notii. First of all, what does it mean to be behaviorally modern?a. Languageb. Symbolismc. Identityd. Complex toolsiii. Identifying capacity – we behave differently than people did even a generation agoiv. The Crux of the issuea. When did behavioral modernity appear?b. Where did it appear first?c. Were Neanderthals behaviorally modern, or somehow different from AMHS that replaced them in Europe?v. Stone toolsa. Neanderthals are associated with Mousterian stone toolsb. AMHS in Israel 100kya are also associated with Mousterian stone toolsc. However, AMHS in Europe after 45k are associated with a new technology, the Aurignacianvi. The Aurignacian Industrya. Upper Paleolithic1. Blade based technology (length is at least 2x width)2. Bone and antler tools3. Hafted tools4. Microlithsb. Industry1. Microliths are used to make composite toolsvii. Upper Paleolithic Cave arta. European1. Abri Castenet, France2. Chauvet, Franceb. Germany1. Löwenmensch (lion man)2. Figurines from Vogelherd3. Age of 42kya4. Venus of Hohle Fels5. Bone flute from Hohle felsc. Shell beads, Turkeyviii.Summary of the Aurignaciana. Blade based technologyb. Evidence for portable art and music (symbolic behaviors)c. Evidence for personal adornmentix. Precursors of the Aurignaciana. Do we see precursors of the Aurignacian in Neanderthals?1. Not manyb. Ochre from Blombos Cave 70-100 kyac. Beads from BLobos Cave 70 kya+d. Beads from e. Grotte de Pigeons, Morocco: 82 kyax. Conclusionsa. Antecedents of behavioral complexity appear first in Africab. Little evidence for personal adornment, symbolism, or art for Neanderthalsc. Like anatomy, Africa is the origin for behavioral modernityIII. The peopling of the worldi. Where are we?a. Africa has been ours for the last 200kyb. Neanderthals were out of the picture by 30 kyaii. The peopling of Australiaa. Hominins couldn’t have walked to Australia, they must have had some sort of watercraftb. Alfred Russel Wallace1. Field biologist in Indonesia2. Father of biogeographyc. The extinction of Australia’s megafauna in the last 40,000 years has been tied to the arrival of modern humansd. By 30kya, modern humans are found throughout much of the Old World. Only the Americas were left unoccupiediii. The peopling of the Americasa. The Bering Land Bridge was present between 75 and 45 kya, and again between 25-11 kyab. Sea levels lower during glacial periods (water is locked up in Ice cas). “Beringea” was glacier free. Humans could have walked from Asia to the Americasc. Could have used small boats as well, as Inuits did in recent timesd. The Clovis Tradition1. A widespread techno cultural tradition that appears around 13,000 years ago and is succeeded by other traditions2. Found throughout the U.S. and Mexico and into the northern S. America3. Stone Toolsa. Clovis point, folsom point4. The Clovis tradition is often tied to big game hunting and the Clovis people are often hypothesized to have contributed to the extinction of America’s megafauna around 10,000 years agoe. Evidence for pre-Clovis populations1. There are probably a dozen documented sites with pre-Clovis archaeological material2. Spread from Alaska to Chile in S. Americaiv. Indonesiaa. In 2001, a archaeologist made an interesting discovery on an island in eastern Indonesia, Flores, that is relevant to this.b. Lets take a look at Flores and talk about why archaeologists were even therec. Flores Archaeology1. Stone tools go back to about 800,000 years ago2. Flores is east of the Wallace line3. Liang Bua at 17ka. Pygmy elephants, giant rats, komodo dragons4. Island biologya. Lack of large mammalian predatorsi. Small animals tend to get large (rats)ii. Large animals tend to get small (elephants) This is known as insular dwarfismiii. Reptiles can occupy the niche of top predator (i.e. komodo dragons)5. The surprise from Liang Buaa. Archaeologists assumed that modern humans made the stone tools in Liang Bua until this thing was discoveredi. Homo floresiensis1. 3’6” tall, 55 lbs, branial capacity = 380 c, 17,000 years old2. Is LB1 a pathological modern human?3. The anatomy doesn’t support a pathologyb. The last hominin standingi. For the last 4 million years there have been multiple species of hominins alive at the same timeii. Even at the origin of H.