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U of A ANTH 1013 - Miocene Apes

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ANTH 1013 1st Edition Lecture 15 Outline of Last Lecture I. What is paleontology?II. DatingIII. GeomagnetismIV. Evolution of extinct strepsirrhinesOutline of Current Lecture I. Early AnthropoidsII. Platyrrhine OriginsIII. Cercopithecoid OriginsIV. HominoidsV. Ape-like primatesVI. True ApesVII. Miocene ApesVIII.Current LectureI. Early Anthropoidsi. Earliest anthropoids are from the Eocene by about 45 myaii. Earliest anthropoid currently identified is Eosimiasa. Name means “dawn monkey”b. Found in Jiangsu Province, Chinaiii. Oldest anthropoid in Africa is Biretia (37 mya)iv. Slightly later in time (35 mya) we see the origins of 3 major early anthropoid groups:a. Parapithecidaeb. Oligopithecidaec. Propliopithecidaev. Best record of anthropoid evolution found in the Fayum Depression of Egyptvi. At the Fayum we see the first appearance of primates with platyrrhine and cararrhine featuresa. Parapithecus:1. Member of Parapithecidae2. Three premolars3. Platyrrhine tympanic formThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.b. Catopithecus1. Member of Oligopithecidae2. Postorbital closure3. Early catarrhinec. Aegyptopithecus1. Member of Propliopithecidae2. 2 premolars3. arboreal quadrumed4. highly sexually dimorphic5. likely ancestral to extant cercopithecoids and hominoidsd. Why is the Fayum Important?1. Fossils found in the Fayum represent a mixture of anthropoid primates unlike any community todaya. Some platyrrhine-like things (parapithecus, apidium, proteopithecus)b. Some true catarrhines (Aegytopithecus, Catopithecus)2. Today, platyrrhines are exclusively American and cararrhines are exclusively in the Old WorldII. Platyrrhine Originsi. Earliest platyrrhines evident in Fayum assemblageii. Earliest platyrrhines in South Americal appear 28 myaa. Shapes of earliest taxa are very generalized – not clearly aligned with extant speciesiii. Branisellaa. Earliest platyrrhine (28 mya)b. Found in Boliviac. Sze of an owl monkeyiv. Chilecebusa. Early Miocene (20 mya) of Chile b. 538 gramsv. Homunculusa. Dentition similar to living squirrel monkeysb. Inner ear and postcrania suggests arboreal quadrupedalism and leapingc. 2-2.5 kg in sizevi. Fossil taxa that more closely resembles modern forms begin appearing in 13-12 myavii. How did platyrrhines get to South America?a. The atlantic ocean was about half as wide in the Oligoceneb. S. America was an island continent in the Oligocene1. No land bridge with N. Americac. 2 main hypothesis:1. Island hopping2. Raftingd. Like primates, caviomorph rodents first appear in American fossil record in the Oligocene1. Like primates, their nearest extant relatives live in Africae. The Hoatzin also appears in S. America in the Oligocene. It’s a poor flier and probably couldn’t have flown across the Atlanticviii.Cercopithecoid/Hominoid splita. Split between the cercopithecoids and hominoids occurred approximately 25 myab. 2 fossil species close to split are:c. Aegyptopithecus d. Saadanius1. 29-28 mya, W Saudi Arabia2. More derived than aegyptopithecus, but less derived than apesIII. Cercopithecoid Originsi. Earliest cercopithecoids appear at the beginning of the Miocene (23mya) in northern and East Africaii. Earliest group is Victoriapithecoidsa. Cant be strongly linked to either cercopithecines or colobinesb. May have been either arboreal or terrestrial (or both)c. Teeth show early signs of bilophodontyiii. Split between cercopithecines and colobines occurred by late Mioceneiv. Both groups diversified extensively during the Pliocenev. Fossil Cercopithecinesa. Related to living gelada baboon (but largervi. Fossil Colobinesa. More terrestrial than colobinesIV. Hominoidsi. Derived hominoid traits:a. Larger brainb. Loss of tailc. Long armsd. Broad thoraxii. General info:a. Geographic distribution: Africa and Asia (everywhere for humans)b. Body size range: 13-385 lbs or morec. Activity pattern: all diurnald. Locomotion: suspension, knuckle-walking, bipedalisme. Diet: fruit, leaves, insect, meat, seedsiii. 5 genera:a. Hylobates – small-bodied apes, living in Southeast asia; monogamous1. Gibbonb. Pongo 1. Orangutanc. Gorilla1. Mountain gorilla – polygamous (1 male, multiple females)d. Pan1. Chimpanzee – much sperm competition in species; solve conflict byfighting2. Bonobo – solve conflict by having sexe. Homo1. Humans! Much variation iv. Hominoid Originsa. Earliest hominoids appear at the beginning of the Miocene (25 mya)b. First group of fossils are considered “ape-like” primates, and represent an extensive radiation1. Postcranially very similar to Aegyptopithecus2. Unclear whether these species are stem catarrhines or stem hominoidsV. Ape-like primatesi. Proconsula. Found 20-17 mya in East Africab. Multiple species (10-150 lbs)c. Arboreal quadrupedd. Probably did not have a taile. 2.1.2.3. dental formula; Y-5 molar patternii. Afropithecusa. First ape-like primate to leave Africa (17.5 mya)b. Sexual dimorphism larger than living gorillasc. Long face, wide inter-orbital distanceiii. Proconsul and Afropithecus are only 2 genera of a very dicerse radiationa. Just know that there were A LOT of species of early apesiv. Divergence of hylobatidaea. Living hylobatids (gibbons and siamangs) are exclusively found in southeast Asiab. Hylobatids are the earliest hominoid group to diverge1. Molecular estimates of thes divergence suggest the origin of the hylobatid lineage (20 mya)2. First solid fossil evidence only dates to 8 myaVI. True Apesi. True apes (taxa that can be more clearly be linked to living great apes) appear during the early to middle Miocene (17 mya), first in Europeii. All have thick enamel on their molars, suggesting hard object feedingiii. Europe and Africa:a. Griphopithecus1. Earliest species in Europe (17 mya)2. Monkey-like postcrania3. Found in s. Germany then in E. Europeb. Dryopithecus1. Middle Miocene (12-10 mya) of Southern France/Northern Spain2. Likely hightly arboreal – body proportions similar to modern hominoidsc. Ouranopithecus1. 9-10 mya in Greece and Turkey2. Face shares features with living great apes – large brow ridges, wide distance between eyes3. Extremely thick enamel on molarsd. Nakalipithecus1. 9.9-9.8 mya from Kenya2. Potentially last common ancestor of humans, gorillas, and chimpsiv. Asia:a. Hominoids don’t appear in Asia until 15 myab. First species are represented by eastward expansion of


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