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U of A ANTH 1013 - Primate Systematics: Anthropoids

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ANTH 1013 1st Edition Lecture 12 Outline of Last Lecture I. Ancestral Mammalian TraitsII. What traits distinguish primates from mammals?III. Organizing primatesIV. LemuroidsV. LorisoidsVI. HaplorhinesVII. TarsiersOutline of Current Lecture I. Organizing primatesII. Derived anthropoid traitsIII. PlatyrrhinesIV. CatarrhinesV. CercopithecoidsVI. HominoidsCurrent LectureI. Organizing primatesi. Prosimians: lemuroids, lorisoids, tarsiusii. Anthropoids: platyrrhines, cercopithecoids, hominoidsa. Derived traits: fused mandibular symphysis, unicornuate uterus, single pair of nipples, postorbital closureb. Divided into platyrrhines (new world monkeys) and catarrhines (old world monkeys and apes)iii. Strepsirrhines: lemuroids, lorisoidsa. Derived traits: tooth comb, grooming clawiv. Haplorhines: tarsius, platyrrhines, cercopithecoids, hominoidsa. Derived traits: loss of tapetum lucidum (shiny layer in eye), dry nose, no splitlipII. Derived Anthropoid traitsi. Fused mandibleii. Unicornuate uterus a. Single offspring born at a timeiii. Single pair of nipplesThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.a. Usually have single offspring born at onceiv. Postorbital closurea. Plate of bone in back of the eye is closed offIII. Platyrrhines i. Derived traits: laterally flaring nostrilsa. Flat noseii. Three premolarsa. Although not derived, another distinguishing feature of platyrrhines is that they have three premolars (vs. two premolars in catarrhines)b. Most strepsirrhines and tarsiers have three premolars, but this trait is variable. All platyrrhines have three premolarsc. Formula: 2:1:3:3iii. General info:a. Geographic distribution: central and south Americab. Body size range: 3.5 oz-22lbsc. Activity pattern: all diurnal (daytime), except for the owl monkey which is crepuscular (dawn and dusk)d. Locomotion: arboreal quadrupedalism, suspension, saltation1. 5 genera have a prehensile taile. Diet: fruit leaves, seeds, gumsiv. Cebinesa. Squirrel monkeys: Saimiri1. Small-bodied, eat insects, spend a lot of time in treesb. Capuchins: Cebus1. Large brains for body size: able to open up nuts by using stonesv. Aotinesa. Owl monkeys: Aotus1. No placetum lucidum in eyes; long fingers – live in branchesvi. Callitrichinesa. Emperor Tamarin: Sanguinus Imperator1. Small-bodied; live in trees; access gum and sap from trees; gnaw on trees to produce sapb. Pygmy marmoset: Cebuella Pygmaea1. Eat gum and sap out of trees; small-bodiedvii. Pitheciines – seed predatorsa. Uakaris: Cacajao – seed predatorsb. Sakis: Pithecia – large-bodied; eat fruitsviii.Atelinesa. Howler Monkeys: Alouatta1. Howl to mark their territory. Large tails; spend lots of time in trees; eat leaves; neck pouch – large bone in throat to amplify soundb. Spider Monkeys: Ateles1. Long tail; swing through treesIV. Catarrhines – old world monkeys, apes, humansi. Derived traits:a. Downward facing nostrilsb. Two premolars1. Dental formula: 2:1:2:3c. Ischial tuberosity/callosities1. Large bone on ischium (pelvis)2. Calluses on butt overlying bone on tuberosity3. They sit on the ground so they need to protect the nerves on their butts!V. Cercopithecoidsi. Derived traits: bilophodont molarsa. Cusps on teeth – have connections between teeth called lophs1. Big ridges of enamelii. General info:a. Geographic distribution: Africa and asiab. Body size range: 2.5 lbs-70 lbsc. Activity pattern: all diurnald. Locomotion: most arboreal, but some terrestrial. All quadrupedse. Diet: fruit, leaves, seeds, invertebrates, vertebratesf. 2 groups: cercopithecines – cheek pouch monkeys, and colobines – leaf monkeysiii. Cercopithecinesa. Macaques: Macaca1. Variable; spend time on ground and in trees; cheek pouch – shove with lots of food!b. Baboons: Papio1. Swelling of genetalia means they are sexually receptive; terrestrial – end up in very large groupsc. Gelada baboon: Theropithecus gelada1. Live in highlands of Ethiopia; love on ground mostly; large canines; eat and live in grasslandsd. Mandrill: Mandrillus sphinx1. Bright colored nasal shafe. Guenons: Cercopithecus1. Transmit ebola; bushmeat traitiv. Colobinesa. Black and White Colobus Monkeys: Colobus1. Long white hairb. Silver Langur: Trachypithecus cristatus1. Babies born bright orange; color changes when adults to silverc. Proboscis monkey: Nasalis larvatus1. Large noseVI. Hominoidsi. Derived traits:a. Larger brain1. Most socially complex animalsb. Loss of tail1. Definition of apesc. Long arms1. Some have longer arms than legs due to suspensory behaviorsd. Broad thorax1. Rib cage is widerii. General info: a. Geographic distribution: africal and asia (everywhere for humans)b. Body size range: 13-385 lbs (or more)c. Activity pattern: all diurnald. Locomotion: suspension, knuckle-walking, bipedalisme. Diet: fruit, leaves, insects, meat, seetsiii. Hylobatidsa. Gibbon: Hylobates1. Suspensory primates; long arms; monogamous group; sof tissue structure in throativ. Pongoa. Orangutan: Pongo Pymaeus1. Large flanges of skin on facev. Gorillaa. Mountain Gorilla: Gorilla beringeivi. Pana. Chimpanzee: Pan troglodytesb. Bonobo: Pan paniscusvii. Homo


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U of A ANTH 1013 - Primate Systematics: Anthropoids

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