ANTH 1013 1st Edition Lecture 9Outline of Last Lecture I. Phenotypic variationII. Biocultural evolutionIII. Big pictureOutline of Current Lecture I. OsteologyII. Anatomical TerminologyIII. The Skeletal SystemIV. Organizing the SkullV. Osteology of the SkullVI. The Spinal ColumnVII. The thoraxVIII. Osteology of the pelvisIX. Femur, Tibia, FibulaX. FootXI. Bone growth and developmentCurrent LectureI. Osteologyi. The science of studying bonesii. Examine features such as: a. Composition – mineral, microscopicb. Structure – outer shape of bone/functionc. Development – from birth to an adult, bones change in shape and sized. Functional anatomy – II. Anatomical Terminologyi. Standard anatomical positiona. No bones crossed – palms upb. (Radius and ulna must remain uncrossed)ii. Anatomical planesa. Sagittal – divides body into left and right sidesb. Coronal – divides body into anterior (front) and posterior (back)c. Transverse – divides body into superior (above) and interior (below)iii. Anatomical directionsa. Anterior/posteriorThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.1. Front/back2. Ventral/dorsala. Belly/backb. Medial/lateral1. Closer to the middle of body/further awayc. Superior/inferior1. Higher/lower2. Cranial/caudala. More towards head/lowerd. Proximal/distal1. Proximal: closer to the origin of the limb2. Distal: further away from origin e. All directional terms are RELATIVE to one another1. For example: the ulna is distal to the humerus, but the humerus is distal to the scapula2. The ulna is medial to the radius, and the ulna is also lateral to the vertebraeIII. The Skeletal System:i. Functions of the skeleton:a. Protectionb. Supportc. Anchors for musclesd. Mineral storagee. Blood cell productionii. VS cartilagea. Supportb. Smooth gliding surfacesc. Enable development of bonesiii. Types of bones:a. Compact – ends of bonesb. Spongy – inside bonesc. Wolff’s law – the more we load a bone, our bones will remodel in response to the stresses put on the bone iv. Classifying bonesa. Long bones1. Long, thin, have a shaft and articular surfaces at either end2. Examples: femur, humerus, tibia, metacarpalsb. Short bones1. Smaller than long bones, usually cube shaped2. Examples: carpal (wrist) and tarsal (ankle) bonesc. Flat bones 1. Thin, flat surfaces, no marrow cavity, but do have spongy bone between two layers of cortical bone2. Examples: many bones of the scull, sternumd. Irregular bones1. Bones with complex shapes, notched or with ridges2. Examples: vertebrae, mandiblee. Sesamoid bones1. Bones that form inside a muscle tendon2. Example: patellav. Types of jointsa. Non-synovial joints1. Solid joints, less moveable2. Bones linked via fibrous connective tissue or cartilage3. Examples: sutures (between cranial bones), symphyses (pubic symphysis, intervertebral discs)b. Synovial joints1. Mobile joints2. Enclosed by joint capsule and contain fluid3. Examples: knee, shoulder, hipc. The shape of the bones in a synovial joint determine the motion allowed at joint1. Hinge: flexion and extension only (elbow, fingers)a. Move in one direction – flex and extend2. Pivot: rotation only (shake your head “no”)3. Condylar: movement around 2 axes (flex/extend, abduct/adduct) (wrist)a. Saddle joint can be considered a special type of condylar joint (thumb)4. Planar (gliding) limited movement around multiple axes (joints between tarsals)5. Ball and socket: movement around multiple axes (hip joint)IV. Organizing the bodyi. Skulla. Cranium (everything but mandible)b. Mandible ii. Postcranial (infracranial) skeletona. Axial skeleton: central part of the skeleton1. Vertebrae, ribs, sacrum, sternumb. Appendicular skeleton – limbs1. Upper extremity (forelimb)a. Scapula, humerus, ulna, radius, all hand bones2. Lower extremity (hindlimb)a. Pelvis, femur, patella, tibia, fibula, all foot bonesV. Osteology of the skulli. Vaulta. Frontalb. Parietal (2)c. Temporal (2)d. Occipitale. Sphenoidf. Ethmoidii. Facea. Maxilla (2)b. Nasals (2)c. Zygomatic (2)d. Lacrimal (2)e. Palatine (2)f. Vomerg. Mandibleiii. Cranial suturesa. Coronalb. Sagittalc. Lambdoidald. Squamosaliv. Cranial suture closurea. Bones in fetus are unfused: anterior/posterior fontanelles (soft spots)b. Sutures close, and by the time we reach age 30/60, sutures are obliterated1. Can tell how old an individual isv. Brains are relatively large at birth – at 5 years, the child has reached about 90% of their adult brain sizea. Cranial syntosis: if sutures fuse too early, it does not allow the brain to grow, which leads to complicationsvi. The dentitiona. Maxillary vs. mandibularb. Types of teeth (in one quadrant of the mouth)1. Incisors (2)2. Canines (1)3. Premolars (bicuspids) (2)4. Molars (deciduous = 2, permanent = 3)a. M1 = 6 yrsb. M2 = 12 yrs – 12 year molarsc. M3 = 18 yrs – wisdom teethc. Numbered by quadrant of the mouth1. Right/left or upper/lowerd. We can summarize the numbers and tpes of teeth using a dental formula1. 2:1:2:3:e. Dental eruption: eruption of the teeth occurs predictabilityvii. Muscles of masticationa. Mastication = chewingb. 2 main muscles of discussion – both attach to mandible1. Temporalis – fan-shaped muscle on side of the skull2. Masseter – straight muscle on side of jawVI. The spinal columni. Functions to:a. Support and move headb. Transmit and proect spinal cordc. Support thorax and abdomend. Transmit weight to lower limbse. Provide framework for lower extremityii. Composed of 5 types of vertebrae:a. Cervical (7)1. Smallest size, form neckb. Thoracic (12)1. Intermediate in size, articulate with ribsc. Lumbar (5)1. Form lower back. Largest vertebraed. Sacral (5)1. Vertebrae that fuse together during adolescence. Articulate with oscoxae. Coccygeal (3-4)1. “tail bones” fused togetherVII. The thoraxi. Thoracic vertebraeii. Ribsa. Typical rib articulates with :1. Vertebral bodies2. Transverse process3. Costal cartilage – attaches rib to sternumb. True (1-7)c. False (8-10) d. Floating (11-12) don’t attach to anythingiii. Sternuma. Breast bone, long and pointy in shapeb. Where ribs attach via costal cartilagec. Most directly attach, but some at bottom connect to a singular attachmentiv. Costal cartilagea. Where ribs attach to sternumv. The thoraxa. Clavicleb. Scapulavi. Scapula and humerusa. Scapula connects to humeral headvii. Ulna and radiusa.