Final Exam Study GuideOsteology and Bone GrowthAnatomical PlanesSagittalTransverseCoronalDirectional TermsMedial/LateralAnterior/PosteriorVentral/DorsalSuperior/InferiorProximal/DistalBones and JointsCompact boneSpongy boneBone shapesLong bonesShort bonesFlat bonesIrregular bonesSesamoid bonesNon-synovial jointsSynovial jointsJoint shapesHinge jointPivot jointCondylar jointPlanar jointBall and socket jointName the bones, features, and sutures of the skullDevelopment of the skull:Anterior fontanellePosterior fontanelleCranial synostosisTeethIncisorCaninePremolarMolarKnow how to calculate and correctly write a dental formulaKnow the typical eruption times of the permanent molarsMuscles of masticationTemporalis muscleMasseter muscleName the bones in the axial skeletonName the bones in the appendicular skeletonBone growth and developmentEpiphysisDiaphysisEpiphyseal plate (growth plate)ANTH 1013 1st Edition Final Exam Study Guide-Osteology and Bone Growth-Anatomical Planes-Sagittal-Transverse-Coronal-Directional Terms-Medial/Lateral-Anterior/Posterior-Ventral/Dorsal-Superior/Inferior-Proximal/Distal-Bones and Joints -Compact bone-Spongy bone-Bone shapesoLong bonesoShort bonesoFlat bonesoIrregular bonesoSesamoid bones-Non-synovial joints-Synovial joints-Joint shapesoHinge jointoPivot jointoCondylar jointoPlanar jointoBall and socket joint-Name the bones, features, and sutures of the skull-Development of the skull:oAnterior fontanelleoPosterior fontanelleoCranial synostosis-Teeth-Incisor-Canine-Premolar-Molar-Know how to calculate and correctly write a dental formula-Know the typical eruption times of the permanent molars-Muscles of mastication-Temporalis muscle-Masseter muscle-Name the bones in the axial skeleton-Name the bones in the appendicular skeleton-Bone growth and development-Epiphysis-Diaphysis-Epiphyseal plate (growth plate)Introduction to Primates and Taxonomy-Phylogeny reconstruction-Classification-Compare and contrast phenetic vs. cladistics systems for classifying organisms -PheneticsoCarolus LinnaeusoSystema NaturaeoBionomial nomenclatureoClassification based on similarity-CladisticsoCladeoLast common ancestoroMonophyletic groupoParaphyletic groupingoPolyphyletic groupingoNodeoCladogramoIngroupoOutgroupoSymplesiomorphy- shared ancestral traitoSynapomorphy- shared derived traitoAutapomorphy- uniquely derived traitoAncestral vs. derived traits-Homology-Analogy-Homoplasy-Convergent evolution-Evolutionary systematics-Grade vs. clade-Characteristics of primatesoGrasping hands and feetoEnhanced visionoReduced sense of smelloLarge complex brains-Arboreal Hypothesis-Comparative Method-Visual Predation HypothesisAnthropoids-Mendel’s Law of Independent Assortment: each trait sorts independently; alleles of one gene do not influence what happens with alleles from other genesPrimatology-DNA: explains the diversity f life; carries instructions for building proteins and influences most of the characteristics of an organismIntro to Paleontology/Overview of primate evolution/Primate Origins-Allele frequency: percentage of each allele in a populationIntroduction to human origins: Miocene apes and early thought and discoveries-Microevolution: a change in a gene pool observed over a period of generationsOsteology and Bone Growth• Anatomical Planeso Sagittal- divides body into left and right sides o Transverse- divides body into superior (above) and inferior (below) o Coronal- divides body into anterior (front) and posterior (back) • Directional Termso Medial/Lateral- middle and sides o Anterior/Posterior- front and back o Ventral/Dorsal- belly and back o Superior/Inferior- top and bottom o Proximal/Distal- closest to and farthest away • Bones and Joints o Compact boneo Spongy bone o Bone shapes▪ Long bones- long thin, have a shaft and articular surfaces at either end ( femur, humerus, tibia, metacarpals)▪ Short bones- smaller than long bones, usually cube shaped (carpal-wrist- and tarsal-ankle-)▪ Flat bones- thin, flat surfaces, no marrow cavity, but do have spongy bonebetween two layers of cortical bone (many bones of skull, sternum) ▪ Irregular bones- bones with complex shapes, notched or with ridges (vertebrae, mandible) ▪ Sesamoid bones- bones that form inside a muscle tendon (patella) o Non-synovial joints▪ very little movement.▪ bones linked via fibrous connective tissue or cartilage ▪ examples• sutures (between cranial bones)• symphyses (pubic symphysis, intervertebral discs) o Synovial joints▪ mobile joints ▪ enclosed by joint capsule and contain fluid▪ examples• knee• shoulder• hipo Joint shapes- the shape of the bones in a synovial joint determine the motion allowed at joint ▪ Hinge joint• flexion and extension only (elbow)▪ Pivot joint• rotation only ( atlanto-axial joint)▪ Condylar joint• movement around two axes (flex/extend, abduct/adduct) (Wrist)• saddle joint can be considered a special type of condylar joint (thumb)▪ Planar joint (gliding)• limited movement around multiple axes (joints between tarsals)▪ Ball and socket joint• movement around multiple axes (joints between tarsals) • Name the bones, features, and sutures of the skullo Development of the skull:▪ Anterior fontanelle- largest fontanelle, placed at the junction of the sagittal suture, coronal suture, and frontal suture, lozenge shaped.• allows the skull to deform during birth to ease its passage through the birth canal and for expansion of the brain after birth• soft spot in the front of the skull ▪ Posterior fontanelle- gap between bones in the human skull, triangular in form and situated at the junction of the sagittal suture and lambdoidal suture. • generally closes in 6-8 weeks from birth• delay in closure is associated with congenital hypothyroidism • soft spot in the back of the head ▪ Cranial synostosis- sutures fuse to early, does not allow brain to grow, which leads to complications • at birth the brain is 25% adult size, 6 months 50%, 2 1/2 years 75%, 5 year 90%, 10 years 99%• Teeth- maxillary vs. mandibularo Incisor▪ front teeth ▪ 2 by quadranto Canine▪ sharp ones by incisors ▪ 1 by quadranto Premolar▪ after canine before molars ▪ 2 by quadrant adult onlyo Molar▪ back teeth ▪ deciduous= 2, permanent=3 by quadrant • M1=6 years• M2=12 years • M3=18 yearso Know how to calculate and correctly write a dental formula▪ upper/lower 2:1:2:3/2:1:2:3o Know the typical eruption