ANTH 1013 Final Exam Study Guide 05 02 2015 Osteology and Bone Growth Anatomical Planes Sagittal Transverse Coronal Directional Terms Medial Lateral Anterior Posterior Ventral Dorsal Superior Inferior Proximal Distal Bones and Joints Compact bone Spongy bone Bone shapes o Long bones o Short bones o Flat bones o Irregular bones o Sesamoid bones Non synovial joints Synovial joints Joint shapes o Hinge joint o Pivot joint o Condylar joint o Planar joint o Ball and socket joint Name the bones features and sutures of the skull Development of the skull o Anterior fontanelle o Posterior fontanelle o Cranial synostosis Teeth Incisor Canine Premolar Molar Know how to calculate and correctly write a dental formula Know the typical eruption times of the permanent molars Muscles of mastication Temporalis muscle Masseter muscle Name the bones in the axial skeleton Name the bones in the appendicular skeleton Bone growth and development Epiphysis Diaphysis Epiphyseal plate growth plate Introduction to Primates and Taxonomy Phylogeny reconstruction Classification Compare and contrast phenetic vs cladistics systems for classifying organisms Phenetics o Carolus Linnaeus o Systema Naturae o Bionomial nomenclature o Classification based on similarity Cladistics o Clade o Last common ancestor o Monophyletic group o Paraphyletic grouping o Polyphyletic grouping o Node o Cladogram o Ingroup o Outgroup o Symplesiomorphy shared ancestral trait o Synapomorphy shared derived trait o Autapomorphy uniquely derived trait o Ancestral vs derived traits Homology Analogy Homoplasy Convergent evolution Evolutionary systematics Grade vs clade Characteristics of primates o Grasping hands and feet o Enhanced vision o Reduced sense of smell o Large complex brains Arboreal Hypothesis Comparative Method Visual Predation Hypothesis Anthropoids Mendel s Law of Independent Assortment each trait sorts independently alleles of one gene do not influence what happens with alleles from other genes Primatology DNA explains the diversity f life carries instructions for building proteins and influences most of the characteristics of an organism Intro to Paleontology Overview of primate evolution Primate Origins Allele frequency percentage of each allele in a population Introduction to human origins Miocene apes and early thought and discoveries Microevolution a change in a gene pool observed over a period of generations Osteology and Bone Growth Anatomical Planes o Sagittal divides body into left and right sides o Transverse divides body into superior above and inferior below o Coronal divides body into anterior front and posterior back Directional Terms o Medial Lateral middle and sides o Anterior Posterior front and back o Ventral Dorsal belly and back o Superior Inferior top and bottom o Proximal Distal closest to and farthest away Bones and Joints o Compact bone o Spongy bone o Bone shapes Long bones long thin have a shaft and articular surfaces at either end femur humerus tibia metacarpals Short bones smaller than long bones usually cube shaped carpal wrist and tarsal ankle knee shoulder hip Flat bones thin flat surfaces no marrow cavity but do have spongy bone between two layers of cortical bone many bones of skull sternum Irregular bones bones with complex shapes notched or with ridges vertebrae mandible Sesamoid bones bones that form inside a muscle tendon patella o Non synovial joints very little movement bones linked via fibrous connective tissue or cartilage examples sutures between cranial bones symphyses pubic symphysis intervertebral discs o Synovial joints mobile joints enclosed by joint capsule and contain fluid examples o Joint shapes the shape of the bones in a synovial joint determine the motion allowed at joint Hinge joint Pivot joint Condylar joint flexion and extension only elbow rotation only atlanto axial joint movement around two axes flex extend abduct adduct Wrist saddle joint can be considered a special type of condylar joint thumb limited movement around multiple axes joints between tarsals Planar joint gliding Ball and socket joint movement around multiple axes joints between tarsals Name the bones features and sutures of the skull o Development of the skull Anterior fontanelle largest fontanelle placed at the junction of the sagittal suture coronal suture and frontal suture lozenge shaped allows the skull to deform during birth to ease its passage through the birth canal and for expansion of the brain after birth soft spot in the front of the skull Posterior fontanelle gap between bones in the human skull triangular in form and situated at the junction of the sagittal suture and lambdoidal suture generally closes in 6 8 weeks from birth delay in closure is associated with congenital hypothyroidism soft spot in the back of the head Cranial synostosis sutures fuse to early does not allow brain to grow which leads to complications at birth the brain is 25 adult size 6 months 50 2 1 2 years 75 5 year 90 10 years 99 Teeth maxillary vs mandibular o Incisor o Canine front teeth 2 by quadrant sharp ones by incisors 1 by quadrant after canine before molars 2 by quadrant adult only o Premolar o Molar back teeth deciduous 2 permanent 3 by quadrant M1 6 years M2 12 years M3 18 years o Know how to calculate and correctly write a dental formula upper lower 2 1 2 3 2 1 2 3 o Know the typical eruption times of the permanent molars 12 years Muscles of mastication chewing o Temporalis muscle side of forehead o Masseter muscle side of jaw Name the bones in the axial skeleton o central part of the skeleton vertebrae ribs sacrum sternum Name the bones in the appendicular skeleton limbs o o upper extremity forelimb lower extremity hindlimb scapula humerus ulna radius all hand bones pelvis femur patella tibia fibula all foot bones The Spinal Column functions to o support and move head transmit and protect spinal cord support thorax and abdomen transmit weight to lower limbs provide framework for lower extremity o composed of five type of vertebrae Cervical 7 smallest size form neck Thoracic 12 intermediate in sized articulate with ribs Lumbar 5 that form lower back largest vertebrae Sacral 5 vertebrae that fuse together during adolescence articulate with os coxa Coccygeal 3 4 tail bones fused together The Thorax o Thoracic vertebrae ribs sternum costal cartilage Costovertebral Joints o typical rib articulates with vertebral bodies transverse process costal cartilage The Hand distal to forearm and wrist o o Digits