ANTH 1013 1st Edition Lecture 22 Outline of Last Lecture I. Homo erectus/ergasterII. Acheulean toolsIII. The Savanna hypothesisIV. Why is Homo erectus/ergaster the first out of Africa?V. What happened between 1.8 mya and today?VI. AnatomyOutline of Current Lecture I. GeographyII. Modern Homo SapiensIII. Earliest H. SapiensIV. Modern human origins: genetic approachesCurrent LectureI. Neanderthals i. Geographya. Classic Neandertals are characterized by a package of unique features1. Occipital bun2. Taurodont molars3. Retromolar gap4. Receding zygomaticsb. These features are not in modern Europeans (or any other extant population)1. Used to argue against Multiregionalismc. Neandertals had a fairly wide distribution in Europe, the Middle East, and western Asia1. France: St. Cesaire, La Ferraissie, La Chapelle-aux-Saints2. Italy: Mount Cicero, Saccopastore, Altamura3. Shandiar, Iraq4. Israel: Kebara, Amud, Tabun5. Teshik-Tash, Uzbekistand. They have never been found in Africa1. Homo heidelbergensis gave rise to at least 2 daughter populationsa. The non-African NeanderthalsThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.b. Homo sapiens, in Africaii. Adaptationsa. Neanderthals are often depicted as a “cold-adapted” species1. Lived during at least 2 times when Europe was cold and covered partially by glaciersa. Würmian Glacial period: 110-12kyab. Riss Glacial period: 20-130kyab. 5”2’-5’7”, 110-150 lbsiii. Natural Selection: Human body size and shapea. Bergmann’s rule: endotherms in cold regions tend to be larger in body size than those from warmer regionsb. Allen’s rule: endotherms from cold regions have shorter limbs than populations from warmer regionsiv. Neanderthal lifea. Beveled wear on incisors is unique to Neandertals1. Were they using their teeth as tools>b. Most Neanderthal adults have healed fractures or skeletal trauma1. The pattern is most similar to that of modern rodeo cowboysv. Dieta. Traditional view1. Neanderthals were hypercarnivores following herds or large game animalsa. Red deer, reindeer, Irish elk2. Meat was definitely an important part of the dietb. Emerging view1. Neandertal diets varied with their environmenta. Study of dental plaque:i. Shanidar (Iraq): cooked barleyii. Engis (Belgium): Cooked water lilies2. Marine resources exploited along coastal Spain as long ago as 150kyavi. Did Neanderthals bury their dead?a. Part of the problem is that a lot of the burials were excavated poorlyb. You cannot really use the absence of firm evidence for Neandertal burials to argue that they were behaviorally different from modern humans1. By the same criteria there are no comparably aged modern human burials in Africavii. Capable of speech?a. Debatable1. Hyoid shape shared with modern humans2. Share an allele for FOXP2 gene with modern humans3. Share neural asymmetries with modern humans4. Symbolism?viii.Neanderthal Technologya. Associated with a stone tool technology known as the Mousterian1. More standardization of tools than in the Acheulean2. Appears first 250 kya with Homo heidelbergensis3. Used by:a. European H. heidelbergensisb. African H. heidelbergensisc. Neanderthalsd. Early anatomically modern humans4. You cannot associate tool types with species!b. Mousterian stone tool technology 1. Prepared using Levallois technique2. Also known as the “prepared core technique”a. Shape the core to yield a predictably-shaped and sized flakeb. More efficient use of raw material3. Characteristics of the Mousteriana. Greater variety of tool typesb. High quality raw materials frequently soughtc. Used for cutting plant material, meat, scrapping hides, shaping woo, etcd. Shaped bone sometimes used as a raw materiale. Sometimes hafted onto wood4. Specialized bone toolsa. For working leatherb. Microwearix. Neanderthals through the yearsa. In contrast to the brutish reconstructions that suggest their inhumanness1. They may have buried their dead2. They may have spoken3. They had a flexible diet4. They used tools that are indistinguishable from those used by modern humans before 50kII. Modern Homo sapiensi. Anatomically moderna. Vertical foreheadb. Reduced browsc. Reduced dentitiond. Rounded craniume. Cranial capacity = 1300 ccii. Africaa. Homo erectus: 1.9mya-600kb. H. heidelbergensis: 600k-200k1. Florisbad, South Africa2. Saldanha, South Africa3. Bodo, Ethiopia4. Kabwe, Zambia5. Thick supraorbital torus arches over each eye6. More rounded neurocranium7. Cranial capacity = 1200 cc8. Nuchal region still prominentc. H. heidelbergensis1. Cranial shape is reminiscent of Homo ergaster/erectusa. No big foreheadb. Big brow ridges2. Differs from older homo ergaster/erectusa. The brain is bigger (approaching modern human size)3. Importantly: African H. heidelbergensis lacks all of the weird Neandertal features (unlike some European H. heidelbergensis)4. Anatomically modern humans appear first in Africa around 200kyaa. Evolve from African H. heidelbergensisIII. Earliest H. sapiensi. Anatomically moderna. Means that they possess the derived features characteristic of living humans1. Steep forehead2. Chin (at least in some specimens)3. Rounded neurocranium (though some still have a somewhat elongated cranial profile)b. AMHS appear first in Africa around 200kya1. Contemporaries of Neanderthals in Europeii. Multiregionalism vs. Out of Africa:a. The continuity seen in Africa is a prediction of both modelsb. That modern human features appear first in Africa and do not flow into other contemporaneous populations (e.g., Neandertals) supports Out of Africac. The oldest evidence for AMHS out of Africa is about 100kya in Israel1. Qafzeh and Skhul, Israel2. Didn’t we talk about Neanderthals from the near East? 3. In fact, we did. And they are younger than 100 kyaiii. Neanderthals also live in the middle eastiv. Out of Africa multiple times?a. There is no evidence from anatomy for gene flow between the Neandertals and the AMHS in the near Eastb. Apparently, there have been multiple migrations of modern humans out of Africa, but the earlier migrations did not displace the other species of Homoc. Beginning around 50kya, modern humans left Africa one last time and displaced the other species of Homo living around the Old Worldd. The oldest evidence in Europe is around 45 kyav. Early AMS in Europea. France, Russiavi. The Last Neanderthalsa. The last Neanderthals are found in