ANTH 1013 1st Edition Lecture 20Outline of Last Lecture I. Australopithecus aferensisII. Australopithecus africanusIII. Australopithecus garhiIV. AustralopithecusV. Paranthropus robustusVI. Paranthropus boiseiVII. Paranthropus aethiopicusVIII. ParanthropusOutline of Current Lecture I. Ostodontokeratic cultureII. Homo habillisIII. Homo rudolfensisIV. Stone toolsV. ParanthropusVI. Homo erectusCurrent LectureI. Ostodontokeratic Culturei. Raymond Dart’s Killer Ape Hypothesisa. Proposed that hunting was what drove human evolutionb. Hypothesized that the Osteodontokeratic tool culture was created by A africanus1. Osteo = bone, donto = teeth, keratic = hornc. “Man” the Hunter1. To Dart, hunting and meat eating are central to what makes us human. This idea has pervaded popular cultured. Australpithecus was more likely prey than predatorii. Olduvai Gorge and Ancient Stone Toolsa. Mary and Louis Leakey discoverersb. Oldowan Stone tools:1. Cores, hammerstone, flakes2. There really aren’t different “types” of tools in the Oldowan. The whole point seems to be to make sharp edges to cut stuff3. What were the oldowan stone tools used for?These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.a. At least one thing they were cutting with tools at Olduvai is carcassesb. Not only were stone tools found at Olduvai, but so was evidence of their use to deflesh carcassesc. Stone tools were used as percussive tools to break bones in order to extract bone marrowc. Who made these tools?1. Paranthropus?2. Tools were used for meat processing, and Paranthropus wasn’t a meat eater3. Tools should be an accomplishment of Homo, and Paranthropus wasn’t ancestral to Homo4. Tool making takes a large brain, and it just wasn’t big enough in ParanthropusII. Homo habilisi. Info:a. Name: Homo = human, habilis = handyb. Discovery: 1960c. Discoverers: Mary and Louis Leakeyd. Localities: Olduvai, Lake Turkana area, Hadare. Distribution: eastern Africa (Ethiopia, Kenya, Tanzania); possibly South Africaand Malawif. Nicknames: handyman, Twiggyg. Temporal range: 2.3-1.6 myaii. Homo habilis vs. Paranthropus boiseia. No sagittal crest, more prominent forehead, projecting supraorbital torus, smaller face, smaller postcanine dentitionIII. Homo rudolfensisi. Info:a. Name: homo = human, rudolfensis = Rudolf (former name of Lake Turkana); ensis (originating from)b. Discovery: 1972c. Discoverer: Richard Leakeyd. Localities: Lake Turkana Areae. Distribution: eastern Africa; possibly Malawif. Temporal range: 2.4-1.6 myaIV. Stone toolsi. Stone tools appear 2.6 myaii. Oldest fossil evidence for Paranthropus is 2.5 myaa. BIG teeth and chewing musclesiii. Oldest fossil evidence for Homo is 2.8 myaa. Smaller postcanine teeth, bigger brainsiv. Homo and Paranthropus diverged from an Australopithecus ancestora. Reflects dietary differentiationb. Homo and Paranthropus were sympatricV. Paranthropusi. How can we infer the diet of Paranthropus, which likely did not use stone tools? a. 2 ways:1. C3 and C4 photosynthesis2. Microwear on teethii. Trees and grasses follow different photosynthetic pathwaysa. Trees follow the C3 pathwayb. Grasses follow the C4 pathwayc. Have different carbon isotope signaturesiii. Animals incorporate that carbon into their tissues (including the enamel of growing teeth)a. The carbon isotopic signature of tissues reflects the foods that were eaten. That isotopic signature remains in the fossil teethb. Foods differ in material properties1. Hard objects leave behind “pits” on teeth2. Soft/tough objects leave behind “scratches” on teethiv. Carbon isotopesa. Ardipithecus1. Ate a lot of C3 vegetationa. Fruits, it lived in a woodland habitatb. Australopithecus1. Mixed C3 and C4 diet, mostly C3c. Paranthropus robustus1. Like Australopithecusd. Paranthropus boisei1. Almost a pure C4 dietv. Hominin dietsa. Early Homo had a broad diet that included foods of different mechanical propertiesb. Among Paranthropus and Australopithecus, only P. robustus shows evidence of eating hard objectsc. Over time, hominins began to exploit savannah ecosystems1. Ardipithecus had a chimp-like diet that included mostly C3 plants (fruits most likely)2. P. boiseifocued on some tough/soft component of C4 plants (grasses)3. Homo had a broader diet than Australopithecus in terms of material properties and incorporated meata. Acquired meat and marrow at least in part by using stone toolsb. Unclear if they were actively hunting or scavengingVI. Homo erectusi. Namea. Homo = human, erectus = uprightii. Discovery: 1891iii. Discoverer: Eugene Duboisiv. Localities: Java, Dmanisi, Zhoukoutein, Turkana Areav. Distribution: throughout Africa, Europe, mainland Asia, Indonesiavi. Nicknames: Java man, Peking man, Turkana boyvii. Temporal range: 1.8 mya – 250 kya (perhaps younger)viii.Reaction to Pithecanthropus erectusa. Dubois’ finds were not as celebrated by other anatomistsb. Eventually, he backtracked on his statements and proclaimed H. erectus was a large gibbonc. Then, he went crazy and hid the fossils under his bedd. Lots more skeletal material has been found in Indonesia 1. Colloquially known as “Java Man”ix. Homo erectus from Chinaa. In the early 1920’s, erectus-like remains were found near Peking, China as site called Zhoukoutein/Choukotein/Zhoukoudianb. Named Sinanthrpuspekinensis (Chinese human from Peking)x. Homo erectus Info:a. Cranial capacity: 800-1000ccb. Prominent supraorbital torusc. Projecting nosed. Small teethe. Long, low skullxi. Geographya. The most ancient hominin out of Africaxii. Homo ergastera. Large body size compared to early Homob. Modern limb proportionsc. Narrow, modern-like pelvisd. Very robust