Methods of offender treatment exam 1 study guide page 1 Offender treatment exam 1 study guide 1 4 Goals of sentencing a Rehabilitation b Retribution c Deterrence d Locked up criminals cant cause more crime in public 2 Controversy over cost a Some believe that prison is money well spent b Other believe that we need to reduce recidivism with help groups and that in itself will save money 3 Methodical shortcomings in correctional treatment studies Incongruent follow up periods a Lack of random assignments b c Use dropouts as a comparison subject d Failure to use appropriate controls e Failure to account for biases f Poor follow up dates for interviews 4 Postwar crime trends a Early period 1946 1960 i Stable low crime rates b Middle period 1961 1973 i Rapidly accelerating crime rates c Late period 1974 present Stable high crime rates i 5 1900 1970 a Rehabilitative ideal s b c d Indeterminate sentencing i Release of offender once they have been rehabilitated 1974 martinsons what works article i Nothing actually works very successfully Justice model i Retributive notions of deserved punishment ii Sentencing crimes of convictions and offenders past history of criminal activity 1 Eliminate individualized treatment and discretion a Determinate sentencing 2 No more parole release 3 Intermediate sanctions a Are alternate punishments and used to monitor offenders who are neither under the usual restrictions of probation or incarcerated 6 1970 present Methods of offender treatment exam 1 study guide page 2 a New penology i ii Shift from individual concerns to aggregate concerns Implications 1 Increased reliance on imprisonment 2 Concerns for surveillance and custody iii Shift in 3 distinct areas 1 Discourse a Advancement of statistical methods b Clinical diagnosis is replaced by probability of offending and risk to society 2 Objectives a Efficient control of internal system processes Identifying and managing unruly groups i b Goal is not to eliminate crime but make it tolerable through systematic i Used as the universal criterion for assessing success or failure of a penal coordination c Declining significance of recidivism program 3 New techniques a Targeting offenders as an aggregate b Using incapacitation i Selective incapacitation identify high risk offenders and maintain a cheaper and longer term of control over them while investing in less intrusive controls for lower risk offenders c Use of intermediate sanctions for surveillance i Emphasis not on treatment and eradication but as a risk indicator i Revamped old methods within justice model and made them fir the new 4 3 major features of new penology a Expansions of penal sanctions b Drugs and punishment c Innovation objectives 7 Incarceration a Growth in correctional populations i 1935 1970 individuals ii 1985 iii 2000 1 202 inmates per 100 000 1 699 inmates per 100 100 iv Increase in the number of arrests for drug crime 1 Average incarceration rate had been relatively steady at 106 inmate per 100 000 Methods of offender treatment exam 1 study guide page 3 1 War on drugs b It is seen as a necessary evil in our society c Two ways to maximize the prison system i Control types of people who go to prison ii Make the prison experience more positive 8 Collective vs selective incapacitation a Collective incapacitation i Sentencing based on the seriousness of the conviction and the offenders prior record 1 Ex Mandatory minimums 3 strikes law 2 Effective but expensive ii Selective incapacitation 1 Tailor sentences to individual offenders 2 Reserve prison sentences to high rate serious offenders 3 Prediction is not very accurate 9 Martisons work a Greatly influenced philosophy of corrections b Discretions and disparity the perfect storm c Social disruptions tension of war equal rights prison riots discrimination in criminal d Many still supported notion of rehabilitation research and practice even through these justice system i Distrust of US social institutions ii Questions about amount of discretion in the CJ system times i General principles of correctional treatment 1 The need principle a Factors targeted Criminogenic Needs i Characteristics of an individual that directly relate to the individuals likelihood to reoffend ii Dynamic 1 Can be changed by a program or therapy 2 Respect for authority anti social behavior lack of skills etc iii Static 1 Can t be changed by a program or therapy 2 Age of first arrest criminal history single parent etc 2 Treatment modality a What is the most effective mode of treatment for offenders i Long term and serious offenders react better and have better results for more intense treatment whereas smaller petty criminals do the very opposite ii Skill oriented making license plates picking up trash etc Methods of offender treatment exam 1 study guide page 4 iii Cognitive behavioral therapy to help change how someone resolves problems or thinks iv Multimodal a mix of both of the above 3 The risk principle a Long term and serious offenders react better and have better results for more intense treatment whereas smaller petty criminals do the very opposite b Clinical assessments i Non observable and informal criteria c Actuarial approaches i Uses explicit criteria validates by research ii Theoretical and empirically but both can be effectively used together e Examples of risk need assessments RNA d Actuarial risk classification techniques are superior to clinical assessments i Testing to see If they are a risk ii Ex determining what level of security prison a person needs to go to 4 Responsivity a Offenders vary along many different areas of need b Specific programs and content for specific types of offenders i Based on learning principles personalities and areas of deficit 10 Effective correctional program criteria a Cognitive and behavioral design b Addresses needs empirically associated with criminal behavior c Multi model in design d Longer in duration e Incoming inmates are screened for risk factors 11 Prison education a Education programs have been a fixture of American correctional efforts for more than b 150 years Improving offenders education can reduce recidivism i ECF executive cognitive functioning 1 Increase possibility of lawful employment upon release 2 Increase maturation conscientiousness and dedication 3 Exposure to education may help the offender develop a broader frame of reference with which to evaluate life choices 4 Opportunity to interact with civilian employees in the context of non