The way to study for this exam using this study guide CJC 4410 Study Guide If you see headings or titles of slide that are also on the study guide for example result of policy or not and the trifecta make sure you know that slide really well I provided you with sample questions on the study guide hint the 2 sample questions I provided won t be on the test but 2 very similar ones will be o You will have the entire class period to complete the exam Early middle late period know generally what was going on were the rate low high or stable Crime rates Postwar crime trends Early period 1946 1960 o Stable low crime rates Middle period 1961 1973 o Rapidly accelerating crime rates Late period 1974 present o Stable high crime rates 1900 1970 Rehabilitative ideal indeterminate model o Indeterminate sentencing Crime rose in a time that wasn t expected because it was favorable for success Individualized treatment Release of offender once they have been rehabilitated o A lot of discretion in indeterminate sentencing during this time 1970 2000 Historical context o 1971 Attica riot Inmates rioted when inmate was shot o 1974 Kansas city preventative patrol experiment Tried to decrease crime by putting more officers in high crime neighborhoods Didn t decrease crime and eventually failed o 1974 Martinsons What works Article about failure of prison systems Said prison did not effectively rehabilitate inmates Led to legislature for harsher sentencing and eventually the justice model o Justice model Based on retributive notions of deserved punishment Sentencing crimes of conviction and offenders past history of criminal activity Eliminated individualized treatment and discretion Justice model fixed the problem when judges abused discretion toward certain people Policies of Justice Model Determinate model Sentencing and maximum o A specific crime would carry a clearly identifiable sentence length not a broad minimum o Parole release would be eliminated o Sentence length would be determined by sentencing guidelines that considered only the past history of criminal activity and the current crime of conviction Intermediate sanctions Truth in sentencing 85 of time o Intensive supervision intensive parole electronic monitoring and day reporting o Prisoner must serve time before being released o 1994 crime act finds available to states to help fund prisons to make prisoners serve The Great American Crime Decline demographics economy have to do with decline o Result of policy or not Result of policy or not Historical context o Martinson and the KC experiment created an overreaction Police strategies vs sentencing laws o Broken windows vs tough sentencing laws NYC and east coast crime drop due to broken windows theory Crack down on minor crime more cops on the street o Led to decline in crime California crime declined because of sentencing laws o favorite son narrative of crime decline The euphoric fallacy o Refers to assumption that decline in crime refers to the results of the policies in effect The trifecta The Trifecta Incarceration o Incapacitation effects Huge increase in incarceration in 1970 s Demographics o James Q Wilson s baby boom theory Incapacitation effect helped because criminals could not commit crimes Baby boomers were aging out of crime during the peak crime rates May have had an effect on the great crime drop Economy o Unemployment o Rising wages Act of looking for a job takes time away from possibly committing crime Wages for entry level and unskilled positions were increasing Led to motivation to get a job and not commit crime because the job was paying all bills o Great Crime drop Relationship between property crime and unemployment Martinson s Nothing Works consequences on the CJS martinson found nothing worked in rehabilitiation what were the Martinson found that nothing worked in rehabilitation Consequences were that politicians believed it too and then made legislature to correct the problem Legislature to correct failure to rehabilitate led to the justice model The transition from the Justice Model to New Penology Sentencing policies o What changed 3 major features of new Penology Expansion of penal sanctions o Now fit the goals and objectives of new penology o Changed the nature of prison o Intermediate sanctions used for risk management purposes Drugs and punishment o Emphasis not on treatment and eradication but as a risk indicator Innovation o New penology revamped old methods and made them fit the new objectives Shifts in the 3 areas discourses objectives techniques o What changed New Penology Shift from individual concerns to aggregate concerns Implications o Increased reliance on imprisonment o Concerns for surveillance and custody Shift in 3 distinct areas o Discourse o Objectives o New techniques New Discourses o New language rehabilitation Formation of new objectives Clinical diagnosis is replaced by probability and risk o Advancement of statistical methods o Started using assessments to predict the way prisoners may act with a given amount of o Main objective efficient control of internal system processes Identifying and managing unruly groups o Goal is NOT to eliminate crime but to make it tolerable through systematic coordination o Declining significance of recidivism Used to be the universal criterion for assessing success or failure or a penal program o New penology lowers one s expectations about the criminal sanctions Deployment of new techniques o Target the offenders as an aggregate rather than an individual basis o Concerned with the rationality of the managerial process not individual behavior o Expanded use of incapacitation Selective incapacitation identify high risk offenders and maintain a cheaper and longer term of control over them while investing less intrusive controls for lower risk offenders o Use of intermediate sanctions for surveillance o Concerned with the bottom line and the costs as a whole The above 3 categories all come from the first lecture make sure you know this lecture very very well This is the basis for this class Understanding the crime rates and the policies that resulted because of the crime rates as well as the public s perception set the foundation for this class Understanding the shift from the indeterminate model to the determinate model as well as rehabilitative ideal justice model new penology will help you understand how all methods of offender treatments have evolved Classical school of criminology Inspired by the ideas of