Study Guide Final Exam Gang Members Violence in prison activity o Gang members are involved in a disproportionate amount of criminal o Incarcerated gang members are responsible for of all management problems in prison Prison management strategies o Gang coordinator liaison w local law enforcement o Separation isolation Either prevents gang wars Or synthesizes gang activity info works as a Attempt to reduce gang activity help gang members transition to a less restrictive environment Keep them constructively occupied Hampden county correctional center segregation unit o Isolation program to replace gang activity o Steps observation move completion of cognitive retraining program behavior contract weekly follow up program Increases gang violence Disperse to other prisons o Control of other prisons Move w in prison o Enhance gang cohesiveness o Usually no interventions o Disassociation Option of a second facility Roughly 1 5 of prison gang members were able to disassociate from their gangs Lower ranks Less inclined to violence No empirical evaluation for either technique Principles of effective treatment treat high risk offenders not low risk ones criminogenic likely to behave criminally needs o Responsivity principle maximize treatment by tailoring to o Risk principle o Need principle must be targeted individual needs Simon et al 2006 study o Cognitive behavioral treatment designed according to the risk need responsivity principles delivered to gang members w in a separate facility can reduce the likelihood seriousness of criminal recidivism in the community the rate of major institutional misconduct while incarcerated less major institutional misconduct o Institutional behavior o Recidivism upon release Magnitude of reduction in recidivism Violent Non violent o 20 reduction for gang members o 6 for non gang members o 11 reduction for gang members o 17 reduction for non gang members Sentence length o Those who violently reoffended treatment appears to reduce the seriousness of the offense Intervention programs o Gang Resistance Education And Training GREAT Gang delinquency program delivered by law enforcement Communication refusal skills conflict resolution anger officers in schools management techniques Goals activity Effectiveness Help youth avoid gang membership violence criminal Help youth develop positive relationship w police Cross sectional longitudinal studies showed no significant reduction in gang membership GREAT students reported o More positive attitudes towards police o More negative attitudes towards gangs o More use of refusal skills o More resistance to peer pressure o Lower rates of gang membership o Lower rates of self reported delinquency o CureViolence Treats violence as infectious disease Focuses on affecting risky activities by selecting members of the community those w a high risk of being involved in a shooting mediate conflicts to stop the cycle of retaliatory violence Violence interrupters Goals Aimed at changing operative norms regarding violence in the wider community among clients Provide on the spot alternatives to violence when gangs individuals on the street are making behavior decisions Calls for the strengthening of communities so they have the capacity to exercise informal social control to mobilize forces Effectiveness 4 7 sites statistically significant declines o 17 reduction in actual shootings o 24 reduction in attempted shootings 6 7 sites Homicides w in among gangs noticeably safer o 2 7 sites o 4 7 sites o 3 7 sites homicide decrease in homicide density decrease in reciprocal killings decrease in avg gang involvement in intelligence gathering crime investigation Police interactions with gang members o Common police actions suppression o Race o Gang 47 31 Latino Black 3 or more people engaged in criminal activity either o Perspective of police collectively or individually control in need of suppression tactics o Ecological contamination hypothesis use high levels of force when encountering criminal suspects in high crime neighborhoods gang members are unsympathetic out of officers were more likely to o Ethnographic study to capture the gang social world in the two urban Duran study cities o Duran was a former gang member o Practice of gang enforcement Racial profiling Suppression of marginalized communities Fabricating intelligence Gang units legitimate the social control of people beyond involvement in crime to include perceived criminality o Effect Diminish equal protection status Suppression strategies bound to fail o Pattern of gang enforcement Increase of young poor urban Mexicans increase in gang membership Ecological contamination Greater division between barrio law enforcement Police techniques o Suppression tactics Intelligence gathering Key component of police suppression tactics Justified on preventive grounds against violence Lists of suspected known gang members Zero tolerance policing Based on broken windows theory Focus enforcement on minor offenses to prevent social physical disorders thus reduce the level of overall crime o Legitimated profiling Legal justification reasonable suspicion probable cause More than 95 of barrio residents reported being stopped for reason not criminally predicted Monster Juvenile Offenders Crime trends o 88 94 o 94 02 o school shootings juvenile violent crime increase by 60 juvenile crime decreased by 47 1st shooting Oct 1 97 High profile incidents occurring w in a short time frame ignited widespread concern fear reaction Incapacitation theory o Higher incarceration rates are expected to correlate w accelerated reductions in crime o CA juvenile incarceration crime trends 3 strikes could apply if you commit crimes at 16 For certain offenses 14 yr olds could be transferred to adult courts Increased punitive nature of juvenile sentences but then pattern reversed rates of commitment to juvenile justice facilities dropped decline in juveniles transferred to adult courts Incarcerated youth admissions dropped by 75 o Crime trend explanation Opposite effect of incapacitation theory As prison populations decreased the arrest rates decreased CA adult system o Adult prison population increased 5 fold since 80 at the same time the adult crime rate increased o Taking a lot of felons off the streets didn t reduce crime rates TX vs CA o Implications Opposite approaches but both states reduced juvenile crime by about 51 TX CA increased incarcerated minors by 70 drastically reduced incarcerated minors