Incarcerated gang members responsible for to of all management problems in prison More likely to be involved in prison violence Underreporting because of reluctance of witnesses to come forward Gang Members Violence in prison Prison management strategies Separation and isolation o Separation Keep rival gang members away from each other Preventing gang war Attempt to reduce gang activity and help gang members transition to a less restrictive environment Cognitively structured program to keep them occupied Hampden County Correctional Center segregation unit Isolation program to replace gang activity Goal reintegration into the population Caution when segregating gang members Increase gang violence o Disperse to other prisons o Gain control of other prisons Move within prison o Enhance gang cohesiveness No interventions for those in isolation Violence reduction Learn dynamics of local street gangs Gang coordinator Strategic challenges o Understanding important things on the street helps understand how to help those in prison o Synthesizes gang activity information and works as a liaison with local law enforcement o Upset the gang s internal organization o Cant supply its members or potential members o Correctional programs that replace gang activity Disassociation from the gang Roughly 1 5 of prison gang members were able to dissociate from their gangs o Lower ranks o Less inclined to violence difficult and dangerous Principles of effective treatment Andrews and Bonta Principles of Effective Treatment o Risk Principle o Need Principle Treat high risk offenders not low risk Criminogenic needs must be targeted Criminal attitudes criminal associates aggression o Responsivity Principle Maximize treatment by tailoring to individual needs Ex reading classes substance abuse Simon et al 2006 study Cognitive behavioral treatment designed according to the risk need and responsivity principles and delivered to gang members within a separate facility can reduce the likelihood and seriousness of criminal recidivism in the community and the rate of major institutional misconduct while incarcerated Results of the study Significantly less major institutional misconduct o o Negative correlation between length of treatment and recidivism o Recidivism Higher reduction in recidivism for violent gang members than violent non gang members Higher reduction for non violent non gang members than non violent gang members Sentence Length for those who violently re offend treatment appears to reduce the seriousness of the offense Well designed programs not aimed at gang members may help reduce recidivism Intervention programs Police Based Intervention Premise police discretion arrest and jail facilities are being used instead of psychiatric professionals hospitals and clinics to address mental illness Pre booking Police based strategy to avoid arrest Officer training and resources Post booking o o o o o Research is rare GREAT vs CureViolence GREAT Access to treatment as soon as possible Court Based Intervention o Mental health courts Revolving door of the CJ system Treatment instead of prison time Correction Based Intervention Includes many types o o Re entry post booking diversion discharge planning and community based management services Facilitation of timely access to mental health services at the point of release will limit the clients future involvement in the CJ system o Gang Resistance Education and Training program Gang and delinquency program delivered by law enforcement officers in school settings Communication and refusal skills conflict resolution and anger management techniques o Goals Cure Violence Help youth avoid gang membership violence and criminal activity Help youth develop a positive relationship with law enforcement o Nontraditional approach to try to get kids not involved in gangs o Treat criminality as infectious disease o Detect and interrupt potential violent acts o Focused on affecting risky activities by selected members of the community those with a high risk of being involved in a shooting Violence interrupters mediate conflicts b w gangs and intervene to stop the cycle of violence o Goals Usually pick ex gang members Aimed at changing operative norms regarding violence both in the wider community and among its clients Provide on the spot alternatives to violence when gangs and individuals on the street are making behavior decisions Calls for the strengthening of communities so they have the capacity to exercise informal social control and to mobilize forces Effectiveness of each GREAT o No significant reduction in gang membership Cure Violence o Distinct change and statistically significant Police interactions with gang members Gang units Common Police Actions Intelligence gathering o o Crime investigation o Suppression Lock em up approach o Unofficial key tactic Duran study Ethnographic study to capture the gang social world in two urban cities Duran former gang member Snowball sampling qualitative techniques Summary of Duran study o Practice of gang enforcement Racial profiling Fabricated intelligence Suppression of marginalized communities Gang units legitimated the social control of people beyond involvement in crime to include perceived criminality o Effect o Patterns of gang enforcement Diminish equal protection status Suppression strategies bound to fail because negatively impoverished gang members will go from the community straight back to jail Increase of young poor urban Mexicans increase in gang membership Ecological contamination officers were more likely to use high levels of force when encountering criminal suspects in high crime neighborhoods Greater division between barrio and law enforcement Police techniques Suppression Tactics o Intelligence gathering Used status as former gang member to get an in depth look talked to gang unit coordinators and community members Surveillance to prevent future violence o Zero tolerance policing Based on Broken Windows Theory Focus enforcement efforts on minor offenses to prevent social and physical disorder and thus reduce the level of overall crime Legitimated Profiling o Legal justification reasonable suspicion and probable cause Wide ranging assortment of stops For stereotypical reasons Intelligence Gathering Justified on preventive grounds against violence o Key component of police suppression tactics o o Lists of gang members o Creation of lists On list for five years Monster Juvenile Offenders Crime trends 1988 1994