CJC 4410 Study Guide Exam 2 Exam 2 is 37 multiple choice questions and one extra credit question The exam will cover the end of Lecture 5 beginning with the slide titled work until Lecture 10 There will also be a few questions from the Griset reading and the Deschenes Turner and Greenwood reading Reentry Work o Finding a job 1 concern of all prisoners o Pressure from CJ system o 1 3 find jobs within the first 6 months o Importance of network of friends and family o Post release work programs Overlap in job placement services Project RIO Job preparation services to inmates while they are still in prison Only 23 returned to prison 38 of control group returned to prison Center for Employment Opportunities CEO Day labor assignments job development and job counseling Opportunity to Succeed Program OPTS Former prisoners with significant alcohol or drug histories Services substance abuse housing family counseling health and mental health issues o 3 realities of prisoner re entry Employment needs do not first arise when someone leaves prison If the need for work is an immediate challenge for many returning prisoners then creating work opportunities immediately upon release makes sense The reality of reentry is complicated by a number of challenges o 2 distinct rationales for prison labor Preparing them for work Linking them to work in their communities Labor market rationale o First make prisoners work Measure 17 Oregon Prison System 1994 Voter referendum Work 40 hours a week like a taxpayer 60 reduction in disciplinary write ups o Second Transitional Employment Justice intermediary Availability of incentives for private employers o Measure 17 Public opinion polls and focus groups agree on the priority of finding work for ex offenders Protection from crime Innovative work programs CEO OPTS Project RIO Measure 17 ect Intermediate sanctions Prior to 1980 s there were few sentencing options o Range of severity of crimes too large Alternative sanctions were created o House arrest electronic monitoring ISP boot camps day reporting centers fines ect Goal increase the cost of crime more than ordinary probation 3 purposes of intermediate sanctions o Provide graduated punishments o May provide enhanced levels of treatment or service for problems that are common among criminal offenders o May reduce prison and jail populations and associated costs Increase Surveillance and Control o No significant differences Increase probability of detection o Problems No consistency in design and implementation For which types of offender o Public safety benefit Deterrence value of supervision Value of technical violations to prevent crime o Positive results with rehab programs within intermediate sanctions Intensive Supervision Programs o 1954 1964 Probation and Parole Dept of CA Special intensive parole unit experiment to deal with high risk offenders or those in need of special rehab services o 3 ways ISP can be used o Problems Front end Probation enhancement Back end Implementation Impact on recidivism Electronic Monitoring and Home Confinement o Home confinement designed to regulate and restrict the freedom of the offender in the community Electronic Monitoring is a tool used to monitor the compliance with the requirements of the sentence o 1993 EM was being used in all 50 states Traditionally used for low risk offenders Recently it is being used for parolees or more serious offenders EM does NOT reduce recidivism o Increasing surveillance and control does NOT reduce criminal activities Probability of detection increased o Research has focused on the surveillance aspect of these intermediate sanctions Summary Look to treatment services Graduated sanctions ISP and EM Technical violations and recidivism o More conditions to follow but it makes it easier to fail Don t see recidivism because it is so easy to fail and people get in trouble Parole Parole o Rise of the determinate sentencing model Federally mandated prison population minimums o Methods of Prison Release Discretionary release Mandatory release Mixed system o Decision to supervise Conditional parole Unconditional No conditions Means you have conditions that if you do not follow you will violate Growth of Parole o Roughly 18 nationwide o 1985 1994 number of parolees under supervision grew by 130 o 1981 136 per 100 000 o By 2000 347 per 100 000 o Disproportionate concentration CA 42 of all parolees o Greater of released prisoners on parole than any other time in our history Currently 80 of those released prisoners on parole Reduced reliance on parole boards o Bottom Line for a large number of exiting prisoners we have lost the link between pre release preparation and post release supervision Parole Success o Definition of success or failure No national standard comparison of successes and failures over time and across states is very difficult o BJS Definition success no return to prison jail or absconding from supervision o Throughout the 1990 s success rate fairly stable 42 49 o Desegregation First time release By state Policies and practices of parole agencies contribute to these differences California Parole in Florida o October 1 1983 o Gain Time Discretionary parole release was abolished for almost all offenses Sentencing guidelines took effect Release inmates to keep in line with the boundaries established by the federal court Crack epidemic and rising prison populations two more types of gain time introduced 1987 o Control Release Authority Point system and unlimited discretion o Selective incapacitation and o Why Abolish Parole Argument longer prison sentences and truth in sentencing Abolishing parole contributes to bad correctional practices Release from prison should be earned Purpose of a parole board Ex Richard Allen Davis Was denied by the parole board 6x once the law changed he was released and then killed Poly Class Parole in Florida today o Who is eligible People convicted of crimes before October 1 1983 are eligible for parole o Gaintime an inmates opportunity to earn a reduction if eligible in his or her overall sentence imposed by the court once they have completed 85 of their sentence Basic eliminated Jan 1 1994 Incentive awarded for work and participation in programs Meritorious awarded for an outstanding deed Educational achievement up to 60 days for GED or certificate of completion of a vocational program Education up to 6 days for completion of literacy program o FL DOC Release Process Effect o Flaw selection by parole board