CJC4410 Exam 1 Study Guide These are notes on her verbal lecture I took notes on points she emphasized in class that were not present in the slides The titles of the numbers correspond to the titles of each slide These notes are helpful in describing what is in each slide so it is best to go through the lecture and this outline at the same time 1 Postwar Crime Trends 1946 present a Economic variables education opportunities civil rights affected postwar crime trends b Variables that lead to increase in crime not present 2 1900 1970 3 1970 2000 a 1960s optimism of new order Legislature set a maximum and minimum for sentencing b c Correctional officials had power to grant earned time etc d Parole board completely in charge of release date e Indeterminate sentencing unsure of when they will be released a 1971 Attica riot Prison riot inmates rebelled and seized control i Public questioned past faith for prison to correct crime ii There were 39 deaths 10 civilian deaths and employees b 1974 Martinson s What Works i Rehabilitation is not possible ii Had a large effect on entire nation c Kansas City Preventative Patrol experiment i 1 area normal patrol ii Another area no patrol unless called iii Another area increased patrol iv Results no difference in crime rates public not any safer 1 So basically patrol does not make a difference d Poor minority were ones getting in prison being discriminated against e New solution to this was the Justice Model i Punishment that fit the crime ii The only factors were the crime committed and the offenders past history 1 This eliminated individualism which made things more fair 4 Policies of the Justice Model a Sentencing Guidelines offenses Intermediate Sanctions b i Same sentence with everyone that looks the same who commits the same i Front End option for probationers like community service ii Back End do as part of parole c Intermediate Sanctions i Focused on control over offenders ii Don t care about rehabilitation 1 Ex Boot camps house arrest ISP day reporting centers d Truth in Sentencing i Require offenders to serve a substantial portion before released ii 1994 Crime Act 1 Made a grant to any state who did the 85 who served 85 of their sentence 2 2 3 of states complied with Truth in Sentencing e Reducing discrepancy of sentence imposed and time in prison f The state of FL does not currently have parole 5 New Penology 80 s Increase in number of prisoners because of the Justice Model a b Main Concern managing large numbers of dangerous people in the prison c d Also concerned with how to regulate deviance within own prison e There were shifts in three areas Less concerned about the individual i Discourse ii Objectives iii New Techniques 6 New Discourses a New language i Concerned about the probability that they will re offend risk of this person ii Aggregate classifications confinement and control iii They look at you by group defined by risk factor iv Gang membership number of times in prison childhood are all risk factors b Advancement of Statistical Methods i Direct relations between penal strategy and population 7 Formation of New Objectives a Concerned about efficiently controlling inmates b Declining recidivism up and sending them back 8 Deployment of New Techniques a More cost efficient forms of custody and control i More technology i Parole good control of people are released too early identifying ones messing b Electric Monitoring 1k 2k yr per prisoner as opposed to 30k yr per prisoner c d Objective to identify high risk offenders and selectively incapacitate Incapacitation most predominant punishment i Prison reserve only for high risk offenders e Using intermediate sanctions for surveillance and control and not helping offender into community 9 3 Major Features of New Penology a Short term holding pen prison b Not reintegrating offenders back in the community c Drugs and Punishment i Drug use risk indicator instead of rehabilitation ii More emphasis on drug testing using as a control factor than drug treatment 1 Used to provide parolees as an event to meet with parole officer 2 Grew 2x between 1976 1984 d Innovation i Expanding penal sanctions ii Huge number of parole violators in prison instead of hardened criminals 10 The Great American Crime Decline Graph a 1990 2007 i FBI index offenses decreased all 7 11 Compared to Victim Surveys a Trend confirmed b Getting at Dark Figure of Crime c Move larceny and assault closer to actual number d Big drop of crime gradual cumulative drop 12 Result of policy or not a Historical Context i Martinson who said that no rehabilitation works and KC experiment which showed no patrol works created an overreaction 1 Induced Bias Criminal Justice efforts were bound to fail b Police Strategies vs sentencing laws i Broken windows cleaning up streets clear crime away bc criminals won t openly do drugs etc ii Foot officers More officers on ground iii Tough sentencing laws like 3 strikes laws c The Euphoric Fallacy i Temptation to assume that private crimes are caused by public policy 13 The Trifecta a Incarceration if effective we would have seen decline in crime before the 90s Incapacitation effects unable to commit crimes i ii Large increase in 90s b Demographics i Baby Boom Theory age into age crime curve and then age out ii Crimes concentrated on younger minority group c Economy economic expansion i Unemployment rate dropped by about in the 90s ii Positive relationship between unemployment and property crimes iii Rising wages entry level unskilled laborers most likely to commit crimes anyway Deterrence The Basics 1 Classical School of Criminology a Product of Enlightenment b Human beings are rational hedonistic c Maximize pleasure minimize pain what drives all of us d Key Theme Crime is product of free will and rational deliberation e Weigh options f Likely punishment swift certain and severe enough to outweigh desire to commit crime 2 Beccaria s Contribution to the Classical School a Components i Critique on irrational cruelty ii Critique on impulsive nature of existing laws b Reform More humane i Wanted authorities to have little discretion c 1 write and publicize laws d 2 Treat all citizens by the law e 3 Create a system of punishment that is swift certain and proportionately severe 3 Deterrence Theory a Greatest impressions on reasoning beings swift certain severe b Deterrence inhibition off sets the benefit c Public Policy tilt balance away from criminal behavior to non criminal behavior 4