Crime rates Early middle late period o Early period 1956 1960 Stable low crime rates o Middle period 1961 1973 Rapidly accelerating crime rates Looked to corrections to solve crime rates o Later period 1974 present Stable high crime rates The Great American Crime Decline o Result of policy or not Historical context Martinson and the KC experiment created an overreaction Police strategies vs sentencing laws Broken Windows vs tough sentencing laws o In order to stop crime you need to start on the streets fix broken windows nonused car removal start from bottom up to clean up the streets Favorite son narrative of crime decline o Everyone has a different reason as to why they thought crime was declining The Euphoric Fallacy Temptation to assume crime delinquencies are caused by policy o The trifecta Incarceration Incapacitation effects Demographics James Q Wilson s Baby Boom Theory o Baby boomers born in 60 s o Age into crime curve increase in crime o Decrease at about 25 o Thought that baby boomers children would have a propensity to commit crime but DID NOT work out that way Economy Unemployment crime Rising wages o Lost jobs led to results in crime o Correlation between unemployment and property o Unskilled laborers entry level positions are more likely to commit crime o 1985 2000 increase in wages Martinson s Nothing Works o Effectiveness of rehabilitation o Concluded that corrections has not yet found satisfactory ways to reduce recidivism by significant amounts o However not enough qualifications for his conclusions The transition from the Justice Model to New Penology Indeterminate sentencing era justice model Didn t consider how sentences are administered Didn t consider that the meta analysis as a tool of prediction could be incorrect Didn t consider the wind down of criminal s activities o Gendreau and Ross 1987 Published a survey of over 200 studies on rehabilitation conducted from 1981 1987 Many things did in fact work o Mistretta v U S 1989 U S Supreme Court confirmed the failure of rehabilitation in corrections Indeterminate sentencing rejected formalized justice in favor of substantive justice based on pursuit of social equity Poor and minority offender are ones who get stuck in prison Parole release Justice model punishment should fit crime everyone gets same sentence o Sentencing policies of Justice Model Specific crime carries a clearly identifiable sentence length Sentence length determined by two factors NO parole release History of criminal activity Current crime of conviction o Intermediate sanctions Day reporting centers House arrest Probation parole Boot camp o Truth in sentencing 1994 Crime Act New Penology o Shifts in 3 distinct areas Discourse Laws that require offenders to serve at least 80 of their time before eligible for parole Made a grant available to any state that would do the truth in sentencing model 2 3 of states complied New language clinical diagnosis replaced by probability and risk Objectives New system for surveillance and control Efficient control for internal system processes such as controlling unruly groups Goal to make crime tolerable through systematic coordination Techniques Target offenders collectively Selective incapacitation high risk offenders and maintaining control over them Intermediate sanctions for surveillance Classical school of criminology o School of classical criminology was inspired by Enlightenment o Crime is product of free will o Punishment is swift certain and severe o Goal is to maximize own pleasure and minimize own costs Caesar Beccaria Essays on Crime and Punishment o Ceasar s essays on punishment criticized European policies including torture brutal punishment arbitrary decisions etc o Reforms Punishment that was swift and certain but severe enough to deter potential criminals Equality Deterrence model Stafford and Warr s Reconceptualization Ex you get caught trying to buy drugs from an undercover cop and as a result you never try to buy drugs again this is an example of which type of deterrence a Vicarious experience with punishment b Vicarious experience with punishment avoidance c Personal experience with punishment d Personal experience with punishment avoidance o Deterrence potential criminal refraining from committing crime due to an anticipated legal punishment punishment o General deterrence occurs when someone is deterred due to fear of legal o Specific deterrence someone who has been previously punished refrains from committing another crime a Stafford and Warr 1993 i Personal experience with punishment ii Personal experience with punishment avoidance iii Vicarious experience with punishment iv Vicarious experience with punishment avoidance b Need to be thinking about how often someone gets away without being punished punishment avoidance inclines one to engage in crime c Vicarious participating in crime based on the people around us and whether or not they are punished Paternoster and Piquero s 2003 findings o Combination of personal and vicarious experiences overall deterrent o Found that specific deterrence increases illegal behavior effect Labeling o Various experiencer allows for both general and specific deterrence o Abnormal finding specific deterrence increases illegal behavior Sherman 1993 Defiance Labeling criminal o Deterrence theory weakest theory Labeled as a criminal everyone else will label you as Flaws of the deterrence doctrine o Normative consensus difference each person sees punishment differently o Conceptual ion of the penal sanctions courts should have stiffer penalties o National Institute of justice Research focuses on certainty of punishment as primary means of deterrence Empirical research on deterrence o Certainty modest deterrent effect Most positive relationship Perceptual deterrence o Crime rate clearance rate o Personal perception o Individual might be confused of laws or an ignorant opinion o Prisons Prisonization o Prison increases deviant identities Labeling Environment social learning and associations o Clemmer studied prison culture Offenders go in feeling not deviant and come out feeling deviant o Poor post release adjustment o Not as many inmates involved in therapy Walters 2003 study o Effect of first 6 months of imprisonment on criminal thinking and identity in novice and experience criminals Novice inmates feel entitled and desire for power and control o Incarceration for first 6 months will affect identity and critical thinking over environment Self