Tuesday January 31 y Psych ing Thinking Thinking Cognition Mental activity for organizing understanding and communicat Mental Images Picture like representation of objects and events Tends to be how we think about things information organized in brains Concept Categroy Idea that represents category of objects events or activities In stances of the concept of dog being different breeds but the same thing Types of Concepts 1 Superordinate concept General Ex Fruit 2 Basic Level Type More Specific ex apple Subordinate Concept Most Specific Ex Chinese Red Apple Formal Concepts defined by specific rules or features Natural Concepts form as a result of real world experience fuzziness to them ex bird but what kind of bird Blue Jay Turkey Prototype Example of a concept that closely matched the defining characteristic of a concept Tophat Which problem solving technique involves guessing based on previous expe rience rules of thumb You answered Heuristics Correct answer Heuristics Problem Solving cognition used to reach a goal by thinking behaving in certain ways Trial and Error Attempting one solution after another is tried until successful 1 Algorithms specific steps for solving certain problems Certain steps always lead to Tuesday January 31 y correct results Heuristics Guesses based on experience rule of thumb Different Heuristics Availability estimating the likelihood of the event based on the ease of recalling infor mation Ex assuming that plane crashes more common than they actually are Representative Assuming that a person or thing sharing characteristics with mem bers of a category is also a member of that category Ex you assume a platypus is a bird because it lays eggs Means end Analysis evaluating the difference between a goal and the present situa tion and then taking steps to reduce that difference Insight the sudden perception of a solution to a problem Aha moment eureka effect Confirmation Bias search for evidence that fits beliefs while ignoring evidence not fit ting beliefs Mental set persist in using past problem solving patterns Functional Fixedness thinking about only most typical functions of objects Creativity solving problems by combining ideas or behaviors in new ways Convergent Thinking All lines of a problem solution lead to a single answer ex math Divergent Thinking from one point to many ideas or possibilities Tophat question In Spearman s theory of intelligence is the ability to reason and solve problems I answered analytical correct g factor Intelligence the ability to learn from experience acquire knowledge and adapt 2 Tuesday January 31 y Charles spearman saw intelligence as two different abilities g factor general intelli gence ability to reason and solve problems s factor specific intelligence task spe cific abilities such as with music business or art Gardner s Theory of Multiple Intelligences Verbal linguisitc musical logical mathe matical visual spatial turn a 3d object in your head movement related to understand ing where parts of your body are in space at a given type interpersonal relate to oth ers intrapersonal understand and relate to oneself naturalist relate to the world earth existentialist added later ability to think of things from an abstract point of view Sternebrg s Triarchic theory Analytical break problems down into components prac tical uses info for success in life creative deal with problems in new ways Standford Binet Test administration to groups of children measures various intellec tual skills Mental age Chronological Age IQ MA CA 100 IQ ScoreL comparison across age groups today age group comparison norms The Wechsler Tests Yield four index scores derived from both verbal and nonverbal subtests and an overall score of intelligence Different versions for various age groups Test Construction its difficult for us to test what we think we re testing Validity degree to which test measures what its supposed to measue Reliability tendency of a test toyield the same results given in the same conditions Standardization Process of giving the test to a large group of people that represents the kind of people for whom the test is assigned 3 Tuesday January 31 y IQ Tests often criticized for being culturally biased questions answeres may relate to teest creators own experiences not to those of people of other cultures back grounds socioeconomic levels designers strive to create a culturally fair test To be counted as intellectually disabled IQ 70 clinical assessment of adaptive func tion across johrjrietor and before ae 1 present Cuases of Intellectual Disability Familial retardation down syndrom fetal alcohol sundrome fragile x syndrome Gifted Upmost 2 of the population usually with IQ of 130 or above 4